Fort George, Highland

Fort George
Ardersier, Highland, Scotland
Fort George from the air
Fort George Location within Inverness-shire
Coordinates	57°35′02″N 4°04′13″W / 57.58389°N 4.07028°W / 57.58389; -4.07028
Type	Georgian Bastion fort
Height	Up to 12 metres (39 ft)
Site information
Owner	Ministry of Defence
Operator	British Army
Site history
Built	1748–1769
Built for	War Office
In use	1757-Present
Materials	Sandstone
Events	Built after the Jacobite rising of 1745
Garrison information
Occupants	The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland

Fort George is a large 18th-century fortress near Ardersier, to the north-east of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. It was built to control the Scottish Highlands in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745, replacing a Fort George in Inverness constructed after the 1715 Jacobite rising to control the area. The current fortress has never been attacked and has remained in continuous use as a garrison.

The fortification is based on a star design; it remains virtually unaltered and nowadays is open to visitors with exhibits and facsimiles showing the fort's use at different periods, while still serving as an army barracks.

In 1726, the first fortification known as Fort George was completed in Inverness on the orders of General George Wade. The Georgian fort, which stood on a hillock beside the River Ness, incorporated portions of a medieval castle that had been started by Malcolm III of Scotland in the late 11th century. In the 17th century, Oliver Cromwell strengthened the castle with a citadel but it had been abandoned by the start of the 18th century. Wade's Fort George was capable of housing 400 troops. The first commanding officer of the original Fort George was Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, Colonel of the 42nd Royal Highlanders (Black Watch) and chief of the Highland Clan Munro.^[1]

During the 1745 rising the fort was besieged by three thousand Jacobites. Cutoff and unable to be relieved by Crown forces, Fort George was surrendered in February 1746 after mines had reached the outer walls.^[2] The victorious Jacobites blew up Old Fort George to prevent it being reused as a military base by the British Army.^[3]

In 1747, following the Crown victory at the Battle of Culloden, Colonel William Skinner, the King's Military Engineer for North Britain, was given a contract to rebuild Fort George. The decision was taken to build the new Fort George at a location 10 mi (16 km) away from Inverness at the mouth of the Moray Firth.^[4] The site of Old Fort George lay abandoned for almost 70 years, until in the mid 19th century a red sandstone castellated building called Inverness Castle was built on the fort's former site. Despite its towers and battlements, Inverness Castle had no military purpose. It was used as a prison, and courthouse with complimentary bastioned enclosing walls.^[5]

The site chosen was a level spit of land at Ardersier, about 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Inverness, which forms a promontory jutting into the Moray Firth and controls the sea approach to Inverness. With its own harbour below the walls, the fort could be supplied by sea in the event of a siege.^[6]

Work began in 1748, with Colonel Skinner in charge, and the Adam brothers, John, Robert and later James, acting as contractors, overseeing around 1,000 soldiers who provided labour and defended the site against attack. By 1757 the main defences were in place, and Fort George was finally completed in 1769. The original budget was £92,673 19s 1d, but the final cost was more than £200,000, a vast figure at the time.^[6]

The fortifications form an example of defence in depth. The main walls are stone-faced, in plan faceted and angled with projecting bastions and redoubts so that every wall face is covered by fire from guns sited on top of other walls. The walls are many yards wide and grassed over, on top of barrel-vaulted casemates which form underground bunkers designed to protect the entire garrison from artillery fire. The approach to the fortress from the landward side is across a wide area of loose shingle which creates a protective barrier.^[7]

Sloping grassy banks designed to absorb artillery shells all but hide the fort from view. The entrance is reached via a ravelin, a free-standing defensive structure incorporating a guardhouse and completely exposed to fire from the main fort, then by a raised wooden walkway, complete with drawbridge, bridging across a wide ditch set between heavily defended bastions. The ditch forms a wide killing ground openly exposed to gunfire from these walls.^[8]

Barracks buildings, Fort George

Following the Childers Reforms, the 72nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot and the 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot amalgamated to form the Seaforth Highlanders with its depot in the barracks in 1881.^[9] In 1961 the regiment amalgamated with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders to form the Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons): the new regiment formed its depot at Fort George at that time.^[10] The barracks became the home of the Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland in 2007.^[11]

In November 2016 the Ministry of Defence announced that the site would close in 2032,^[12] with Defence Minister Sir Michael Fallon commenting that it was no longer needed because the Highland rebellions are over.^[13]

The barracks are still in use as a military establishment, but much of the site is open to the public (entrance charge). Historic Environment Scotland use part of one of the barracks to display reconstructions of life in the early days of the fort, and the Grand Magazine displays the Seafield Collection of Arms as well as forming a stage for actors recreating the lives and stories of soldiers in the 18th century.^[14] The site received 76,169 visitors during 2019.^[15]

The former Lieutenant Governors’ House is home to the Highlanders' Museum, the official regimental museum of the Queen's Own Highlanders and Lovat Scouts. The exhibits include uniforms, weapons, medals, First World War memorial plaques known as "death pennies", photographs, paintings, memorabilia and regimental regalia. Displays include the history of the regiments, their links to the clans, the Highland charge, Sergeant Alexander Edwards and other notable regimental members, and the regiments' activities in different conflicts. The regimental Chapel is also open to visitors, and features many regimental colours and memorials.^[16]

• 
  A ravelin defends the main entrance to the fort
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  A dry moat separates the outer earthworks from the fort
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  Ramps were used for rapid access to the ramparts
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  Bartizan turrets guard the scarp (dry moat) for defence in depth
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  The sole surviving example of a MK1 RML 64 pounder 64 cwt gun is housed at the fort
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  The interior of a bartizan with firing step
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  The fort's barracks
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  The inner gateway that connects the chapel with the fort's barracks
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  The 18th-century chapel's interior has a two-tiered arcade on three sides supported by Roman Doric columns
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  A 13-inch smooth bore mortar could fire – at a fixed angle of 45 degrees – a shell weighing 200 lb (91 kg) up to 2,900 yd (2,700 m) using 9 lb (4.1 kg) of black powder

• Armed forces in Scotland
• Military history of Scotland

• Grove, Doreen (August 1986). "Floreat Fort George". Popular Archaeology. 7 (7): 2–9.
• Duffy, Christopher (1985). The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789. Siege Warfare, Volume II. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 318. ISBN 0-7100-9648-8.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort George, Highland.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Fort George".

• Historic Environment Scotland. "Fort George (SM6692)".
• Historic Environment Scotland. "Fort George (Category A Listed Building) (LB1721)".
• Fort George museum
• Highlander's Museum – official site
• "Archival material relating to Fort George, Highland". UK National Archives.