Forum for Democracy

This article is about the Dutch political party. For the Albanian political party, see Forum for Democracy (Albania).

Forum for Democracy
Forum voor Democratie
AbbreviationFvD
LeaderThierry Baudet[1]
ChairpersonThierry Baudet
Leader in the House of RepresentativesThierry Baudet
Leader in the SenateJohan Dessing
FoundersThierry Baudet
Henk Otten
Founded1 September 2016[2]
HeadquartersHerengracht 74,
Amsterdam
Youth wingJongerenorganisatie Forum voor Democratie (JFvD)
Think tankRenaissance Institute
Membership (January 2024)Increase 61,633[3]
Ideology
Political positionFar-right[7]
European affiliationECR (2019–2020)
ESN (since 2024)
European Parliament groupECR (2019–2020)
ID (2022)
NI (2022–2024)
Colors  Maroon
House of Representatives
3 / 150
Senate
2 / 75
States-Provincial
15 / 570
King's Commissioners
0 / 12
European Parliament
0 / 31
Website
www.fvd.nl

Forum for Democracy (Dutch: Forum voor Democratie [ˈfoːrʏɱ voːr ˌdeːmoːkraːˈ(t)si]; FvD) is a far-right political party in the Netherlands, founded as a think tank by Thierry Baudet and Henk Otten in 2016. The party first participated in elections in the 2017 general election, winning two seats in the House of Representatives.

At the time of its conception, the FvD was considered a conservative liberal and a Eurosceptic movement positioned on the right-wing of the political spectrum;[8][9][10][11][12] however, after several founding members split from the party, it has been described as adopting more radical policies and messages.[13][14][15]

History

[edit]

2016-2018: Founding

[edit]

The FvD was established by Baudet and Otten as a citizens initiative and then a think tank whose main feat was campaigning in the 2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum and against the EU in general.[16] The think-tank argued for the introduction of a referendum act and campaigned with GeenPeil to have an inquiry into Dutch membership of the eurozone.[17]

In September 2016, it converted itself into a political party and announced its intention to take part in the 2017 general election, where the FvD ended up with 1.8% of the vote and two seats, entering parliament for the first time.

In February 2018, in part due to its rapidly growing pace, the party suffered from internal issues with a number of prominent members leaving the party because they felt the party had a lack of internal democracy.[18]

2018-2019: Electoral breakthrough

[edit]

In the 2018 municipal elections, the FvD won three seats on the Amsterdam city council.[19] The party only stood in Amsterdam. In Rotterdam however it endorsed the Livable Rotterdam party.[20]

During the 2019 provincial elections, Forum for Democracy won 86 seats, spread across the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. In South Holland, North Holland, and Flevoland, FvD became the largest party, winning 11, nine, and eight seats respectively. In all other provinces, the party came either second or third in terms of numbers of votes. As populists, the bulk of the Forum's nominated parliamentary candidates did not have prior active experience in other political parties.[21]

In August 2019, former FvD senator and founding member Henk Otten announced he had registered Group Otten (GO) as a new political party.[22] GO had two seats in the Senate and one seat in the European Parliament which were taken up by former FvD members.[23][24]

On 30 April 2020, Forum for Democracy formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in the North Brabant province, the first time the party had formally entered into the administration of a regional authority.[25] In late 2020, former VVD MP Wybren van Haga defected to the party.

2019-: Splits

[edit]

In April 2020, HP/De Tijd revealed instances of antisemitism, homophobia and glorification of Anders Breivik and Brenton Tarrant in online WhatsApp groups associated with FvD's youth wing.[26] FvD later investigated these instances and discharged three members from the political party. Three additional members were also suspended.[27] More similar messages were revealed in November by newspaper Het Parool which published an article about extremist comments made by members the party's youth organization.[28]

In response, a committee of inquiry was set up with some FvD politicians such as Theo Hiddema arguing that the youth wing should be disbanded and others stating the FvD should follow the example of the Sweden Democrats by disassociating the youth-wing.[28] Baudet also resigned as lead candidate and was temporarily replaced by Lennart van der Linden.[29] The day after Baudet resigned as leader, vice-leader Theo Hiddema vacated his seat in the Tweede Kamer for "personal reasons," although some media outlets opined that it was due to controversies within the party.[30] The following day, Senator Paul Cliteur also resigned from his position as Senate leader while remaining a member of the party. On 26 November 2020, FvD Senator Nicki Pouw-Verweij released a letter alleging multiple incidents during a dinner on 20 November, including Baudet making antisemitic statements claiming that the COVID-19 lockdowns were concocted by George Soros and lashing out at colleague Joost Eerdmans. Baudet denied the accusations.[31]

In December 2020, Baudet reversed his actions and announced the party would hold a leadership contest. The FvD's board announced an internal referendum on whether to expel Baudet from the party and replace him with a new leader. This took place on 3 December 2020, with 76% of FvD members voting in favour of Baudet remaining in the party and he subsequently resumed his role as leader.[32] In protest at the outcome, the FvD's three MEPs, seven of its senators and some of its parliamentary candidates for the upcoming general election resigned to sit as independents before joining the JA21 party founded by former FvD members who had left due to the youth wing controversies.

At the 2021 general election, the party campaigned against COVID-19 lockdown measures in the Netherlands imposed by the Dutch government and managed to win eight MPs. However, the issue of racist comments from youth members was brought up again during the campaign.[33] One of the accused youth members, Gideon van Meijeren, was elected into parliament, as was youth wing chairman Freek Jansen.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the party caused controversy and saw another three of its MPs leave after it released a poster on Holocaust Memorial Day comparing lockdown measures with the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The analogy and timing of the poster was criticized by the Central Jewish Board of the Netherlands.[34] During the pandemic, members of FvD were accused of circulating conspiracy theories regarding the COVID-19 vaccine and using further Holocaust comparisons with vaccinations and social distancing. In December 2021, a Dutch court found Baudet guilty of "creating a breeding ground for antisemitism" with his statements and ordered him to delete social media posts comparing COVID policies to the Holocaust or face a fine. Baudet denied that his statements were intended to be offensive or antisemitic.[35][36]

In 2022, the FvD regained representation in the European Parliament when Marcel de Graaff defected to the party. As a result, the FvD became a member of the Identity and Democracy group instead of the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR). In 2022 FvD left the European Conservatives and Reformists Party. In March 2022, Senators Theo Hiddema and Paul Frentrop left the party over FvD's absence at Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's speech to the House of Representatives, leaving only Senator Johan Dessing.[37]

Ideology and political positions

[edit]

At the time of its foundation in 2016, the FvD was initially described as a national conservative and a conservative liberal political party.[38] The party self-identified as liberal conservative[39] and sat on the right-wing of the political spectrum.[8][9][10][11]

After establishing itself, the party and its platform started to be perceived by political commentators as a standard Eurosceptic national populist political party,[40][41] and on the far-right of the spectrum.[7] It was also accused of drawing links with the alt-right movement.[42] The FvD has been described as ideologically national conservative,[43][4] Hard Eurosceptic, and right-wing populist.[5] On its official platform, the FvD declares itself to be a movement rather than a party with a focus on protecting Dutch sovereignty, identity, and cultural and intellectual property. The party wants stricter immigration and integration policies, calling for the protection of high culture and "Judeo-Christian values". The FvD is also opposed to the integration of the European Union which it claims will lead to eventual Eurofederalism and supports a referendum on Dutch membership of EU.[44] In the Dutch newspaper Het Financieele Dagblad, historian and philosopher Jozef Waanders has described the FvD as containing various factions, including members sympathetic to the ideas of Ayn Rand and Michel Houellebecq.[45] The FvD has also been described as one of several contemporary conservative-populist parties in the Netherlands that have been inspired by or inherited the mantle of the defunct Pim Fortuyn List.[46]

The party initially focused on drawing support from former People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) voters who felt the VVD had grown too soft on the policy areas of European Union and immigration, but saw Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom (PVV) as too hardline, and tried recruiting candidates who came from professional rather than political backgrounds.[47] The FvD has been accused of cultivating popularity among the alt-right movement, although the party does not identify itself as such.[48]

From 2019 onwards, political commentators and authors have described the FvD as growing further to the right of the PVV by adopting more radical stances.[49][50]

Electoral reform

[edit]

One of the major issues, FvD campaigns against is the perceived existence of a "party cartel" in which the main ruling parties of the country divide power among themselves and work towards the same goals despite claiming to be competitors.[16] The party promises direct democracy through binding referendums[21] as well as directly elected mayors and a directly elected Prime Minister.[51][52] The party is also in favor of the government consisting of apolitical experts in their respective fields ("technocracy"), and top civil servants having to reapply for their positions whenever a new cabinet is formed.[53]

Society and culture

[edit]

FvD supports high culture. It argues for the protection of Dutch culture and "European classical music, art and knowledge." It is critical of modern architecture, calling for both new government buildings to be constructed in a neoclassical style and for city planning that "fits within a historical view." FvD also supports the establishment of a commission to protect historic monuments from destruction, wants Frysk to be retained as a second state language, calls for schools to teach about "beautiful things that the West has produced" and supports free museum admission for all Dutch citizens.[54] However, the party has also promoted plans to defund and privatize the Nederlandse Publieke Omroep, a Dutch public broadcasting organization.[55]

Although the party has argued for equal treatment of people of different sexual orientations, it calls for the protection of children against what it describes as "woke and LGBT propaganda" and supports prohibiting minors from being in Pride parades and taking hormone therapy.[56] FvD has spoken out against feminism and has promoted traditional gender roles such as that of the "masculine man that supports his family".[57]

Criminal justice

[edit]

The party calls for a reform of the Dutch justice system, increased funding for the Dutch police force, tougher penalties against those convicted of violent crimes and where possible for non-naturalized immigrants found guilty of serious crimes to be deported and tried in their country of origin.[58]

FvD calls for a gradual legalization of soft drugs but also supports reducing the number of cannabis coffee shops within the vicinity of schools.[59]

Immigration

[edit]

The FvD also adopts a nationalist viewpoint in which the Dutch culture should be protected.[60] The party is in favor of reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration.[61][62] It also campaigns against unchecked immigration, says it would introduce a Dutch Values Protection Act. The party supports freedom of religion and calls for equal treatment of all citizens regardless of gender, race or sexual orientation, but is also against any further influence of Islamic culture on Dutch society, supports a crackdown on forced or child marriages and wants to ban Islamic face veils and other face coverings. The FvD also opposes foreign funding of Islamic schools and institutions, and argues that all schools in the Netherlands should subscribe to "Judeo-Christian values."[63][64] FvD also states that immigrants who do not wish to integrate should be offered incentives to return to their native country and that whenever possible asylum seekers should be processed off Dutch soil.[65]

In 2024, Baudet advocated for mass remigration in order to maintain a "white Europe".[66]

Economy

[edit]

FvD in the economic field supports economic liberalism.[38] The party is a proponent of the introduction of a high tax-free bracket for everyone, the abolition of taxes on gifts and inheritance and a radical simplification of tax brackets.[67][68][69][70] The party is a proponent of drastic changes in elementary and secondary education, focusing on performance evaluations for teachers.[71] It wants to expand the armed forces, expanding the National Reserve Corps and reverting defense budget cuts.[72]

Environment

[edit]

The party calls for a reduction in the use of plastic, more support for the agricultural economy, sustainable farming and tougher laws against animal cruelty.[73] In the spring of 2019, the party, endorsing a climate change denialist platform, intensively campaigned against large state investments in renewable energy, leading to a victory in the provincial elections.[74][75] Later that year, it also supported protests by Dutch farmers against enforcing legislation on nitrogen emissions.[76]

Foreign policy

[edit]

Defence

[edit]

The FvD blames the NATO countries for the escalation of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and openly supports the Russian view of the conflict.[77] The party's original co-founder Henk Otten has criticised the FvD's stance on Russia and called Baudet a "Manchurian candidate" of Putin.[78] Baudet has supported Dutch withdrawal from NATO.[79]

Middle East

[edit]

The FvD has shifted from an initial strongly pro-Israel attitude towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict,[80] towards criticism of Israel's role in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war,[81] with Baudet praising the pro-Palestinian DENK's stance on the conflict.[82] Baudet has described Israeli actions as "ethnic cleansing" and suggested that Israel was planning to make money by selling new housing developments in the Gaza Strip.[83]

European Union

[edit]

The party states that it supports protecting European civilization and wants free trade between European nations and the world but is opposed to the European Union (EU) and the Eurozone. The party calls for an immediate end to EU enlargement and for the Netherlands to use every veto possible to prevent the EU from becoming a federal superstate. It also supports referendums and Dutch withdrawal from the Eurozone and the Schengen Agreement. FvD also wants a renegotiation of Dutch membership of the EU followed by a binding referendum on EU membership and an "intelligent exit" (Nexit) from the EU if it cannot be reformed and terms cannot be met.[84]

Election results

[edit]

House of Representatives

[edit]
Election Lead candidate List Votes % Seats +/– Government
2017 Thierry Baudet List 187,162 1.78
2 / 150
 New Opposition
2021 List 521,102 5.02
8 / 150
 Increase 6 Opposition
2023 List 232,963 2.23
3 / 150
 Decrease 5 Opposition

Senate

[edit]
Election List Votes % Seats +/– Government
2019 List 27,473 15.87
12 / 75
 New Opposition
2023 List 4,866 2.72
2 / 75
 Decrease 10 Opposition

European Parliament

[edit]
Election List Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
2019 List 602,507 10.96
3 / 26
 New ECR (2019-2020)
ID (2022)
NI (2022-2024)
4 / 29
 Increase 1
2024 List 155,187 2.49
0 / 31
 Decrease 4 –

Provincial

[edit]
Election Votes % Seats +/–
2019 1,057,029 14.53
86 / 570
 New
2023 237,899 3.07
15 / 572
 Decrease 71

Organization

[edit]
Thierry Baudet, founder and leader of the party

Leadership

[edit]

Politicians

[edit]

House of Representatives

[edit]
Main article: Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for Forum for Democracy

The Senate

[edit]
Main article: List of members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027

European Parliament

[edit]
Main article: List of Forum for Democracy members of the European Parliament

Membership

[edit]

Prior to 2022, party membership numbers of FvD were not independently verified and have been disputed.[85][86]

Party membership[87][88]
Year Membership
2017 1,863
2018 22,884
2019 30,674
2020 43,716
2021 45,322
2022 58,890
2023 61,284
2024 61,633

Flemish chapter

[edit]

Forum for Democracy founded a Flemish chapter in January 2024. It intended to participate in the June 2024 European Parliament election in Belgium's Dutch-speaking electoral college, but the party did not manage to collect the required amount of signatures.[89]

International affiliation

[edit]

In the European parliament, the FvD sat with the European Conservatives and Reformists until a split in the party in 2020, when its former MEP's defected to JA21 party and joined European Conservatives and Reformists Party. FvD then left the European Conservatives and Reformists Party. The party was affiliated with the Identity and Democracy (ID) far-right political group of the European Parliament for a short period in 2022,[90] leaving in October after accusing ID of being anti-Russian.[91] In 2024, the FvD lost its European Parliament representation, after its MEP had sat as a Non-Inscrit, and it joined the newly established Europe of Sovereign Nations party that same year.[92][93]

Alleged ties to Russia

[edit]

The FvD has also been criticized for alleged financial and politics ties to Vladimir Putin with Dutch television show Zembla claiming to have unearthed WhatsApp communications between the party and someone Baudet describes as a Kremlin official. Baudet claimed the messages were a "playful exaggeration."[94] Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the FvD's leadership have been condemned by both former party members and other Dutch political parties for supporting the invasion, taking an overtly pro-Putin stance and blaming the West for the war. In October 2022, the party's remaining MEP was suspended (and subsequently resigned) from the Identity and Democracy European Parliamentary group after posting messages on Twitter praising Putin and expressing support for Russia in the war.[95][96]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Partij Forum voor Democratie". FvD (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  2. ^ Aalberts, Chris (2020). De partij dat ben ik (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Jurgen Maas. ISBN 9789491921858.
  3. ^ "Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2024" [Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2024]. University of Groningen (in Dutch). Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  4. ^ a b Staab, Steffen (2018). Social Informatics. Springer. p. 102.
  5. ^ a b "De nieuwe politieke kaart van Nederland: versnippering in beeld". nos.nl (in Dutch). 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  6. ^ Multiple sources:
  7. ^ a b Multiple sources:
  8. ^ a b de Boissieu, Laurent. "Forum voor Democratie (FVD)". Europe Politique (in French). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Dutch election: How do you choose between 28 parties?". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Splintering of Dutch politics makes election hard to predict". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b Misérus, Mark (27 May 2017). "Hoe rechts is Forum voor Democratie?". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  12. ^ "Netherlands: The Rise and Fall of Forum for Democracy". 6 December 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  13. ^ "The Dutch Far Right is Booming. Here is Why and How it Should be Stopped". Yale International Relations Association. April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  14. ^ "Politicoloog ziet Forum voor Democratie steeds verder radicaliseren". NU.nl (in Dutch). 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  15. ^ "JA21 bestaat bij de gratie van een mislukt PVV-kabinet". 30 December 2023. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  16. ^ a b Joshua Chaffin (14 March 2017). "Populists seize the moment as Dutch fall out of love with EU". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  17. ^ Deftige elites van Nederland, u lokt een Nexit uit Archived 21 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine NRC Handelsblad, 23 juni 2016
  18. ^ "Uittocht bij Forum voor Democratie houdt aan - Binnenland - PAROOL". Het Parool. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  19. ^ "Gemeenteraad 21 maart 2018". 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  20. ^ FVD en Leefbaar Rotterdam starten alliantie! Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Forum voor Democratie, 13 juni 2017.
  21. ^ a b Douglas Murray (28 January 2017). "Geert Wilders doesn't threaten Dutch liberalism: he's defending it". Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  22. ^ "Forum voor Democratie zet senator Henk Otten uit de partij". NOS. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  23. ^ "Fractie-Otten". Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  24. ^ "Partij GO van Henk Otten krijgt zetel in Europarlement". Trouw (in Dutch). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  25. ^ CDA members in Brabant say ‘yes’ to alliance with far-right FvD Archived 23 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, dutchnews.nl, 30 April 2020, accessed 7 December 2020
  26. ^ van Dijk, Ton (28 April 2020). "FvD-jongeren 'fascistisch' en 'antisemitisch' in appgroepen". HP/De Tijd (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  27. ^ ANP (1 May 2020). "Forum voor Democratie royeert leden om extreemrechtse en antisemitische whatsappjes". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  28. ^ a b "Crisisdagen bij Forum voor Democratie, wat er tot nu toe gebeurde" [Days of crisis at Forum for Democracy, what has happened so far]. NOS (in Dutch). 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  29. ^ "Baudet geen lijsttrekker en leider meer van Forum voor Democratie". NOS (in Dutch). 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  30. ^ "Hiddema (FvD) verlaat per direct de Tweede Kamer". nos.nl (in Dutch). 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  31. ^ den Hartog, Tobias; Winterman, Peter (25 November 2020). "FvD-senator: 'Baudet gelooft in complottheorieën over corona'". AD. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  32. ^ den Hartog, Tobias (4 December 2020). "Baudet wint referendum, Europarlementariërs breken met partij". Algemeen Dagblad. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  33. ^ "Elsevier Weekblad: Baudet verstuurde zelf ook racistische appjes". NOS (in Dutch). 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  34. ^ "Dutch party equates COVID measures to Nazism on national Holocaust memorial day". Times of Israel. 8 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  35. ^ "Twitter marks Dutch populist's vaccine tweet 'misleading'". France24. 8 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  36. ^ "Dutch MP found guilty of 'creating a breeding ground for anti-Semitism'". Politico. 8 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  37. ^ "Hiddema, Frentrop weg bij FvD om afwezigheid bij speech Zelensky" (in Dutch). NOS. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  38. ^ a b Lucardie, Paul (30 April 2018). "Tussen de Tocqueville en Spengler: het Forum voor Democratie op de tweesprong". De Hofvijver (in Dutch). No. 85. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  39. ^ Baudet, Thierry (4 July 2019). "Zomermanifest: FVD als brede, liberaal-conservatieve beweging!". fvd.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  40. ^ "The invasion of Ukraine is making life difficult for right-wing populists". The Economist. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022. Several dozen demonstrators—awkward young men, middle-aged couples and ageing hippies—turned out on March 13th to support Forum for Democracy (FvD), a far-right populist party that thinks covid is a hoax and blames Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the West.
  41. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. (27 February 2017). "Geert Wilders, Reclusive Provocateur, Rises Before Dutch Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022. E. C. Hendriks, a political sociologist who is allied with a new far-right party, the Forum for Democracy, says unease with immigration and disillusionment with the European Union are rife.
  42. ^ Huib Modderkolk (21 April 2021). "AIVD-baas waarschuwt voor de opkomst van alt-right en infiltratiepogingen in partijen als Forum voor Democratie". De Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  43. ^ "Netherlands". Europe Elects. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  44. ^ "Standpunten | Stem Nederland terug". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  45. ^ Waanders, Jozef (9 May 2019). "Baudet wil het onmogelijke: Ayn Rand verenigen met Michel Houellebecq". Het Financieele Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  46. ^ "The Rise and Fall of the Dutch Forum for Democracy (FVD)". Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  47. ^ De aantrekkingskracht van Baudet Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, EenVandaag, 5 September 2017. Geraadpleegd op 31 October 2017.
  48. ^ Kouwenhoven, Andreas; Adriaanse, Mark Lievisse (16 March 2017). "Alt-right-beweging juicht op het web hard voor Baudet". NRC Handelsblad. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  49. ^ "The New Face of the Dutch Far-Right". foreignpolicy.com. 28 March 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  50. ^ Kessenich, Emma; Van Der Brug, Wouter (2022). "New parties in a crowded electoral space: the (in)stability of radical right voters in the Netherlands". Acta Politica. 59 (3): 536–556. doi:10.1057/s41269-022-00269-0. PMC 9616406. S2CID 253221012.
  51. ^ "Directe Democratie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  52. ^ "Kartelbestrijding". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  53. ^ "Gekozen minister-president". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  54. ^ "Kunst, cultuur en erfgoed". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  55. ^ "Sanering Publieke Omroep". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  56. ^ "Kunst, cultuur en erfgoed". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  57. ^ Hofs, Yvonne (24 March 2024). "FvD-congres barst van de paradoxen, met twee anti-feministische vrouwen als hoofdact" [FVD convention is full of paradoxes, with two anti-feminist women as the main act]. de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  58. ^ "Veiligheid & Justitie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  59. ^ "Drugs". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  60. ^ Leonid Bershidsky (22 February 2017). "The Dutch Election Is About More Than Nationalism". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  61. ^ "Wet Bescherming Nederlandse Waarden". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  62. ^ "Immigratie & Remigratie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  63. ^ "New Dutch Eurosceptic party that wants Netherlands EU referendum now polling in second place". The Independent. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  64. ^ "Wet Bescherming Nederlandse Waarden". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  65. ^ "Aanpakken immigratie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Baudet wil massale remigratie om blank Europa te handhaven". De Kantekenning. 22 January 2024.
  67. ^ "Economie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  68. ^ "Belastingen". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  69. ^ "Internet". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  70. ^ "Privacy". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  71. ^ "Onderwijs". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  72. ^ "Defensie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  73. ^ "Dierenwelzijn & milieu". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  74. ^ de Witt Wijnen, Philip; Rutten, Rik (23 February 2019). "De ongemakkelijke 'feitentwist' van Thierry Baudet". NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  75. ^ den Hartog, Tobias (6 March 2019). "Baudet moet de Wilders worden die wél levert". AD (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  76. ^ Veuger, Stan (10 September 2022). "The Dutch Farmers' Revolt Isn't Brexit or MAGA". AEI.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  77. ^ "Rutte: Poetins agressie halt toeroepen. 'Tientallen doden in Charkov'". nos.nl/. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022.
  78. ^ "Ex-Baudet colleague calls far-right leader "Manchurian candidate" for Putin support". NL Times. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  79. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  80. ^ "FVD wederom kritisch op Nederlandse waarschuwingen aan Israel". CIDI. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  81. ^ "Baudet steunt Israël niet meer, en dat is exemplarisch voor een kentering op de radicaal-rechtse flank". NRC. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  82. ^ "Video: Baudet schaart zich achter Israël-standpunt DENK: 'Inspirerend verhaal'". Nieuwneuws. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  83. ^ "FvD-raadslid vertrekt om Israël-uitlatingen Baudet". Jonet.nl. 29 January 2024.
  84. ^ "Europese Unie". Forum voor Democratie. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  85. ^ Winterman, Peter (18 February 2021). "Twijfel over hoog ledental Forum voor Democratie: 'Partij is niet transparant'". Algemeen Dagblad. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  86. ^ Borst, Thomas (18 February 2021). "Iets meer leden voor politieke partijen in 2020, FVD claimt meeste leden". NRC. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  87. ^ "Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2016, 2017 en 2018" (PDF). Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  88. ^ "Forum voor Democratie ledentallen per jaar (2018- )". Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (in Dutch). 4 March 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  89. ^ "Vlaamse FvD niet verkiesbaar in Europees Parlement" [Flemish FVD not on the ballot in European Parliament election]. NOS (in Dutch). 13 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  90. ^ "Forum voor Democratie". www.idgroup.eu. 28 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022.
  91. ^ "Dutch MEP leaves far-right group in EU Parliament, saying it is anti-Russia". Politico. 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  92. ^ "Marcel de Graaff". European Parliament. 7 April 1962. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  93. ^ "Zetelloos FVD sluit in Brussel aan bij club rond AfD" [FvD, which has no seats, joins the European party related to AfD]. Trouw (in Dutch). 5 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  94. ^ "Dutch far-right leader Baudet had ties to Russia, report says". Politico. 8 April 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  95. ^ "Dutch MEP quits far-right group after suspension over 'Go, Putin!' stance". Euronews. 8 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  96. ^ "Baudet banned from speaking in parliament, again states support for Putin". DutchNews. 8 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forum_for_Democracy&oldid=1256763211"