Glory of the Morning

Glory of the Morning
Hąboguwįga
Born1708–1709[1] or 1711[2]
Diedc. 1832
Known forchief of the Hoocąk Nation
RelativesChief Waukon Decorah, grandson

Glory of the Morning (c. 1710 – c. 1832) was the first woman ever described in the written history of Wisconsin,[1] and the only known female chief of the Hocąk (Winnebago) nation. At least one source has rendered her name as Hopokoekau, which is a corruption of Hąboguwįga, from hąp, "day"; ho-, "the time at which"; gu, "to come arriving"; -wį, an affix indicating the feminine gender; and -ga, a definite article used for personal names.[3][4][5] The name is conventionally translated as "Glory of the Morning" or "The Coming Dawn".

She was the daughter of the chief of the tribe,[6] and therefore a member of the Thunderbird Clan who lived in a large village on Doty Island in what is now Menasha, Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Sometime before 1730, the French—in connection with their development of the vast territory of Louisiana—renewed contact with the tribe. A small force of French troops under the command of Sabrevoir de Carrie visited the Hocągara and established cordial relations. The opportunities of this contact impressed themselves upon Carrie, who resigned his commission to become a fur trader among the tribe. It was around this time that he married Glory of the Morning. It cannot be established whether she was made chief before or after this marriage. Her marriage seems to have enhanced her status, as Carrie is remembered very favorably in the Hocąk oral tradition, which says, "in his affairs he was most emphatically a leader of men."[7] Glory of the Morning bore him two sons and a daughter.[8]

George B. Campion, The Battle of Sainte-Foy.

The eldest son was Cugiga ("Spoon, Ladle"), known to history as "Spoon Dekaury". The younger son was known as Cap'osgaga ("White Breast"), also called "Buzzard Decorah". In time the marriage dissolved, and Sabrevoir de Carrie returned to his residence in Quebec, taking his little daughter with him. When she grew up, she married Laurent Fily, an Indian trader in Quebec. When the French and Indian War broke out, Carrie received a new commission in the French army, and on April 28, 1760, during the Battle of Sainte-Foy he was mortally wounded and later died in the hospital in Montreal.[9]

As the French struggled with the Meskwaki over the fur trade, Glory of the Morning firmly allied herself with her husband's people, precipitating seven years of war with their neighbors. In the end, she was instrumental in bringing peace. Later she allowed renewed warfare against the Illini, her braves falling upon the Michigamea and the Cahokia. When war between France and Great Britain broke out in 1754, the Hocak warriors attacked the English settlements far to the east. However, when the British overcame the French, Glory of the Morning established friendly relations with them and refused to tread the war path of Pontiac.[10] Three years later Capt. Jonathan Carver, a Connecticut Yankee in the service of the Crown, paid a visit to her village in 1766, and he gives an interesting account of her:

On the 25th [of September] I left the Green Bay, and proceeded up Fox River, still in company with the traders and some Indians. On the 25th I arrived at the great town of the Winnebagoes, situated on a small island just as you enter the east end of Lake Winnebago. Here the queen who presided over this tribe instead of a Sachem, received me with great civility, and entertained me in a very distinguished manner, during the four days I continued with her.

The day after my arrival I held a council with the chiefs, of whom I asked permission to pass through their country, in my way to more remote nations on business of importance. This was readily granted me, the request being esteemed by them as a great compliment paid to their tribe. The Queen sat in (33) the council, but only asked a few questions, or gave some trifling directions in matters relative to the state; for women are never allowed to sit in their councils, except they happen to be invested with the supreme authority, and then it is not customary for them to make any formal speeches as the chiefs do. She was a very ancient woman, small in stature, and not much distinguished by her dress from several young women that attended her. These her attendants seemed greatly pleased whenever I showed any tokens of respect to their queen, particularly when I saluted her, which I frequently did to acquire her favour. On these occasions the good old lady endeavoured to assume a juvenile gaiety, and by her smiles showed she was equally pleased with the attention I paid her. ...

Having made some acceptable presents to the good old queen, and received her blessing, I left the town of the Winnebagoes on the 29th of September ...[11]

Nothing more is heard of her until the Kinzies visited her in 1832. She had lived to an unheard of age. Juliette Kinzie paints a portrait of her:

There was among their number, this year, one whom I had never before seen—the mother of the elder Day-kau-ray. No one could tell her age, but all agreed that she must have seen upwards of a hundred winters. Her eyes dimmed, and almost white with age—her face dark and withered, like a baked apple—her voice tremulous and feeble, except when raised in fury to reprove her graceless grandsons, who were fond of playing her all sorts of mischievous tricks, indicated the very great age she must have attained. She usually went upon all fours, not having strength to hold herself erect. On the day of the payment, having received her portion, which she carefully hid in the corner of her blanket, she came crawling along and seated herself on the door step, to count her treasure.... In spite of their vexatious tricks, she seemed very fond of them, and never failed to beg something of her Father, that she might bestow upon them. She crept into the parlor one morning, then straightening herself up, and supporting herself by the frame of the door, she cried in a most piteous tone,—"Shaw-nee-aw-kee Wau-tshob-ee-rah Thsoonsh-koo-nee-noh!" [Žuniya-ąké ho(kik)čąbira čųšgunįno] (Silver-man I have no looking glass.) My husband smiling and taking up the same little tone, cried, in return,— "Do you wish to look at yourself mother?" The idea seemed to her so irresistibly comic that she laughed until she was fairly obliged to seat herself upon the floor and give way to her enjoyment. She then owned that it was for one of the boys that she wanted the little mirror. When her Father had given it to her, she found that she had "no comb," then that she had "no knife," then that she had "no calico shawl," until it ended, as it generally did, by Shaw-nee-aw-kee paying pretty dearly for his joke.[12]

She must have died soon afterwards. Hocąk lore has filled in the details. The tradition says that when she was out among the pines, an owl, a creature of ill omen, perched nearby and uttered her name.[13] That night, wrapped in her furs with a smile on her face, she died. Strangely, during the raging blizzard that engulfed the village that night, the rare sound of thunder could be heard, as the patron deities of her clan called her home.[14]

Her offspring flourished as the famed Decorah family, who supplied countless chiefs to the nation.[15] Her grandson was Chief Waukon Decorah, the eponym of two cities in Iowa, Waukon and Decorah.[16]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Ho-poe-kaw (Glory of the Morning) at the Wisconsin Historical Society
  2. ^ Dieterle, Richard L. "The Glory of the Morning". Hotcak Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  3. ^ The name is given as "Hopokoekau" in a note by Lyman C. Draper in David McBride, "Capture of Black Hawk". Wisconsin Historical Collections, 5 (1868): 293-297 [297].
  4. ^ Publius V. Lawson. History Winnebago County, Wisconsin: Its Cities, Towns, Resources, People. 2 vols. Chicago: C. F. Cooper & Co., 1908, 44, 57.
  5. ^ The rather odd form "Wa-ho-po-e-kau", is found in John T. de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative". Wisconsin Historical Collections, 7 (1876) 345-365 [347]. The form Haarpokewinga is given by Nancy Oestereich Lurie, "Trends of Change in Patterns of Child Care and Training among the Wisconsin Winnebago," Wisconsin Archaeologist, 29 n.s. (Sept.-Dec., 1948) 50. A more definitive Habogųįga was given to Murphy by the HoCąk Wazija Haci Language Division of the HoChunk Nation (Murphy, p.c. to Richard L. Dieterle, 8 March 2009). See Lucy Eldersveld Murphy, A Gathering of Rivers: Indians, Métis, and Mining in the Western Great Lakes, 1737-1832. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000, p. 28. For a full discussion of this topic, see Richard Dieterle, “The Glory of the Morning”
  6. ^ James H. Lockwood (b. 1793), "Early Times and Events in Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 2 (1856): 98-196 [178]; note by Draper in McBride, "The Capture of Black Hawk," 297; Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," 136. Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe, 155. An early primary source identifies her as the sister of the chief — Augustin Grignon, "Seventy-Two Years' Recollections of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 3 (1857): 197-295 [286]; de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," 347. According to Lyman Draper, One-Eyed Decorah (Wajxatega) (b. ca. 1772), the son of Čap'osgaga, told Judge Gale that he was descended from the chief of the tribe through his grandmother. Note by Draper in McBride, "The Capture of Black Hawk," 297. The Hocąk oral tradition recorded by Radin identified her indirectly as the daughter of the chief, as does the traditions recorded by Smith. For these, see Paul Radin, "Winnebago Contact with the French," Winnebago Notebooks, Freeman #3897 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, n.d.) Winnebago V, #17, 22-34. A loose translation is found in Paul Radin, The Winnebago Tribe (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990 [1923]) 19-21.David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 155-160.
  7. ^ wocga hirukanaižą hehere. Radin, Winnebago Notebooks, Winnebago V, #17, 26.
  8. ^ Lockwood, "Early Times and Events in Wisconsin," 178. Much the same is said in de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," 347; Publius Virgilius Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," Wisconsin Archaeologist, 6, #3 (July, 1907) 77-162 [137]. Elsewhere, Lawson says that he had three sons and two daughters, but does not cite a source. Publius Virgilius Lawson, The History of Winnebago County, Wisconsin; Its Cities, Towns, Resources, People, 2 vols. (Chicago: C. F. Cooper & Co., 1908) 57. On p. 46 he says that it is three sons and one daughter.
  9. ^ de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," 347. Lawson, The History of Winnebago County, Wisconsin, 57.
  10. ^ The foregoing was based on oral traditions collected by Smith. David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 155-160.
  11. ^ Captain Jonathan Carver, Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768 (London: Printed for C. Dilly; H. Payne; and J. Phillips, 1781 [1778]) 32-33, 38.
  12. ^ Juliette Augusta McGill Kinzie, Wau-Bun, The "Early Day" in the North-west (Chicago & New York: Rand, McNally & company, 1901 [1856]). Žuniya is Ojibway for Silver.
  13. ^ This is based upon a pun in part. Her name, Hąboguwįga, is almost identical to Hąpokuwįga, "Owl Coming Hither."
  14. ^ David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 160.
  15. ^ For the Decorah family origins, see “The Origin of the Decorah Family”
  16. ^ Virgil J. Vogel. Iowa Place Names of Indian Origin. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1983, pp. 16, 103.
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