Good King Wenceslas

Good King Wenceslas, illustrated in Christmas Carols, New and Old
Good King Wenceslaus
The first, third, and fifth verses, performed by the chorus of the U. S. Army Band
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"Good King Wenceslas" (Roud number 24754) is a Christmas carol that tells a story of a tenth-century king of Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic) who goes on a journey, braving harsh winter weather, to give alms to a poor peasant on the Feast of Stephen. During the journey, his page is about to give up the struggle against the cold weather, but is enabled to continue by following the king's footprints, step for step, through the deep snow.

The legend is based on a story about Saint Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia (907–935), who was not in fact a king.

In 1853, English hymnwriter John Mason Neale wrote the lyrics in collaboration with his music editor Thomas Helmore to fit the melody of the 13th-century spring carol "Tempus adest floridum" ("Eastertime Is Come"), which they had found in the 1582 Finnish song collection Piae Cantiones. The carol first appeared in Carols for Christmas-Tide, published by Novello & Co the same year.[1][2]

"On the Feast of Stephen"

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In Western Christianity, the Feast of Stephen is December 26, the Second Day of Christmas; in Eastern Christianity, it is December 27. During Wenceslas's time, the Julian Calendar was in use. During the 900s, the day that they called December 26 was actually December 31 according to the Gregorian Calendar (the current calendar).[3] And the day that they called December 27 was January 1.[3]

Source legend

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Wenceslas was considered a martyr and a saint immediately after his death in the 10th century, when a cult of Wenceslas rose up in Bohemia and in England.[4] Within a few decades of Wenceslas's death, four biographies of him were in circulation.[5][6] These hagiographies had a powerful influence on the High Middle Ages conceptualization of the rex iustus, or "righteous king"—that is, a monarch whose power stems mainly from his great piety, as well as from his princely vigor.[7]

Sheet music of "Good King Wenceslas" in a biscuit container from 1913, preserved at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Referring approvingly to these hagiographies, a preacher from the 12th century wrote:[8][9]

But his deeds I think you know better than I could tell you; for, as is read in his Passion, no one doubts that, rising every night from his noble bed, with bare feet and only one chamberlain, he went around to God's churches and gave alms generously to widows, orphans, those in prison and afflicted by every difficulty, so much so that he was considered, not a prince, but the father of all the wretched.

Several centuries later the legend was claimed as fact by Pope Pius II,[10] who himself also walked ten miles barefoot in the ice and snow as an act of pious thanksgiving.[11]

Although Wenceslas was, during his lifetime, only a duke, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (962–973) posthumously "conferred on [Wenceslas] the regal dignity and title" and that is why, in the legend and song, he is referred to as a "king".[12] The usual English spelling of Duke Wenceslas's name, Wenceslaus, is occasionally encountered in later textual variants of the carol, although it was not used by Neale in his version.[13] Wenceslas is not to be confused with King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia (Wenceslaus I Premyslid), who lived more than three centuries later.

A statue of Saint Wenceslas on horseback can be found at the Wenceslas Square, in Prague.

History

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Authorship

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Tempus adest floridum

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"Tempus adest floridum" in the 1582 Finnish song collection Piae Cantiones. The melody formed the basis for the carol.

The tune is that of "Tempus adest floridum" ("Eastertime has come"), a 13th-century spring carol in 76 76 Doubled Trochaic metre, first published in the Finnish song book Piae Cantiones in 1582. Piae Cantiones is a collection of seventy-four songs compiled by Jacobus Finno, the Protestant headmaster of Turku Cathedral School, and published by Theodoric Petri, a young Catholic printer. The book is a unique document of European songs intended not only for use in church, but also schools, thus making the collection a unique record of the late medieval period.[14]

A text beginning substantially the same as the 1582 "Piae" version is also found in the German manuscript collection Carmina Burana as CB 142, where it is substantially more carnal; CB 142 has clerics and virgins playing the "game of Venus" (goddess of love) in the meadows, while in the Piae version they are praising the Lord from the bottom of their hearts.[15][16] The tune has also been used for the Christmas hymn Mary Gently Laid Her Child, by Joseph S. Cook (1859–1933);[17] GIA Publications's hymnal Worship uses "Tempus Adest Floridum" only for Cook's hymn.[18]

Neale's carol

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In 1853, English hymnwriter John Mason Neale wrote the "Wenceslas" lyric, in collaboration with his music editor Thomas Helmore, and the carol first appeared in Carols for Christmas-Tide, published by Novello & Co the same year.[1][2]

The text of Neale's carol bears no relation to the words of "Tempus Adest Floridum".[19] In or around 1853, G. J. R. Gordon, the British envoy and minister in Stockholm, gave a rare copy of the 1582 edition of Piae Cantiones to Neale, who was Warden of Sackville College, East Grinstead, Sussex and to the Reverend Thomas Helmore (Vice-Principal of St. Mark's College, Chelsea).

The book was entirely unknown in England at that time. As a member of the Tractarian Oxford Movement, Neale was interested in restoring Catholic ceremony, saints days, and music back into the Anglican church. The gift from G. J. R. Gordon gave him the opportunity to use medieval Catholic melodies for Anglican hymn writing.

In 1849 he had published Deeds of Faith: Stories for Children from Church History which recounted legends from Christian tradition in Romantic prose. One of the chapters told the legend of St Wenceslas and his footsteps melting the snow for his page:[20]

"My liege," he said, "I cannot go on. The wind freezes my very blood. Pray you, let us return."

"Seems it so much?" asked the King. "Was not His journey from Heaven a wearier and a colder way than this?"

Otto answered not.

"Follow me on still," said S. Wenceslaus. "Only tread in my footsteps, and you will proceed more easily."

The servant knew that his master spoke not at random. He carefully looked for the footsteps of the King: he set his own feet in the print of his lord's feet.

For his 1853 publication Carols for Christmas-tide, he adapted his earlier prose story into a poem, and together with the music editor Thomas Helmore added the words to the melody in Piae Cantiones, adding a reference to Saint Stephen's Day (26 December), making it suitable for performance on that Saint's Day.[21][22]

The hymn's lyrics take the form of five eight-line stanzas in four-stress lines. Each stanza has an ABABCDCD rhyme scheme. Lines 1, 3, 5, and 7 end in single-syllable (so-called masculine) rhymes, and lines 2, 4, 6, and 8 with two-syllable ("feminine") rhymes. (In the English tradition, two-syllable rhymes are generally associated with light or comic verse, which may be part of the reason some critics have demeaned Neale's lyrics as "doggerel".)

In the music the two-syllable rhymes in lines 2, 4, and 6 (e.g. "Stephen/even", "cruel/fuel") are set to two half-notes (British "minims"), but the final rhyme of each stanza (line 8) is spread over two full measures, the first syllable as two half-notes and the second as a whole note ("semi-breve")—so "fuel" is set as "fu-" with two half-notes and "-el" with a whole-note. Thus, unusually, the final musical line differs from all the others in having not two but three measures of 4/4 time.

Some academics are critical of Neale's textual substitution. H. J. L. J. Massé wrote in 1921:

Why, for instance, do we tolerate such impositions as "Good King Wenceslas?" The original was and is an Easter Hymn...it is marked in carol books as "traditional", a delightful word which often conceals ignorance. There is nothing traditional in it as a carol.[23]

A similar sentiment is expressed by the editors (Percy Dearmer, Martin Shaw and Ralph Vaughan Williams) in the 1928 Oxford Book of Carols, which is even more critical of Neale's carol:[24]

This rather confused narrative owes its popularity to the delightful tune, which is that of a Spring carol. . . . Unfortunately Neale in 1853 substituted for the Spring carol this Good King Wenceslas, one of his less happy pieces, which E. Duncan goes so far as to call "doggerel", and Bullen condemns as "poor and commonplace to the last degree". The time has not yet come for a comprehensive book to discard it; but we reprint the tune in its proper setting . . . not without hope that, with the present wealth of carols for Christmas, Good King Wenceslas may gradually pass into disuse, and the tune be restored to spring-time.[24]

Elizabeth Poston, in the Penguin Book of Christmas Carols, refers to the song as the "product of an unnatural marriage between Victorian whimsy and the thirteenth-century dance carol". She goes on to say that Neale's "ponderous moral doggerel" does not fit the lighthearted dance measure of the original tune, and that if performed in the correct manner it "sounds ridiculous to pseudo-religious words".[25] A similar development has occurred with the song "O Christmas Tree," the tune of which has been used for "Maryland, My Maryland," "The Red Flag," and other unrelated songs.[citation needed]

By contrast, Brian Scott, quoting from The Oxford Book of Carols its criticism and hope that the carol would "pass into disuse", argues: "Thankfully, they were wrong", for the carol "still reminds us that the giving spirit of Christmas should not happen just on that day. . . ."[26] Jeremy Summerly and Nicolas Bell of the British Museum also strongly rebut Dearmer's 20th century criticism, noting: "it could have been awful, but it isn't, it's magical . . . you remember it because the verse just works".[27][28]

Textual comparison

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Neale's "Good King Wenceslas" (1853)[24] "Tempus adest floridum"
(Piae Cantiones, PC 74)[24] 		English translation of PC 74 by
Percy Dearmer (1867–1936)[24] 		"Tempus adest floridum"
(Carmina Burana, CB 142)[15] 		English translation of CB 142 by
John Addington Symonds (1884)[29]
Good King Wenceslas looked out,
on the Feast of Stephen,
When the snow lay round about,
deep and crisp and even;
Brightly shone the moon that night,
tho' the frost was cruel,
When a poor man came in sight,
gath'ring winter fuel. 		Tempus adest floridum,
surgunt namque flores
Vernales in omnibus,
imitantur mores
Hoc quod frigus laeserat,
reparant calores
Cernimus hoc fieri,
per multos labores. 		Spring has now unwrapped the flowers,
the day is fast reviving,
Life in all her growing powers
towards the light is striving:
Gone the iron touch of cold,
winter time and frost time,
Seedlings, working through the mould,
now make up for lost time. 		Tempus adest floridum,
surgunt namque flores
vernales mox; in omnibus
immutantur mores.
Hoc, quod frigus laeserat,
reparant calores;
Cernimus hoc fieri
per multos colores. 		Now comes the time of flowers,
and the blossoms appear;
now in all things comes
the transformation of Spring.
What the cold harmed,
the warmth repairs,
as we see
by all these colours.
"Hither, page, and stand by me,
if thou know'st it, telling,
Yonder peasant, who is he?
Where and what his dwelling?"
"Sire, he lives a good league hence,
underneath the mountain;
Right against the forest fence,
by Saint Agnes' fountain." 		Sunt prata plena floribus,
iucunda aspectu
Ubi iuvat cernere,
herbas cum delectu
Gramina et plantae
hyeme quiescunt
Vernali in tempore
virent et accrescunt. 		Herb and plant that, winter long,
slumbered at their leisure,
Now bestirring, green and strong,
find in growth their pleasure;
All the world with beauty fills,
gold the green enhancing,
Flowers make glee among the hills,
set the meadows dancing 		Stant prata plena floribus,
in quibus nos ludamus!
Virgines cum clericis
simul procedamus,
Per amorem Veneris
ludum faciamus,
ceteris virginibus
ut hoc referamus! 		The fields in which we play
are full of flowers.
Maidens and clerics,
let us go out together,
let us play
for the love of Venus,
that we may teach
the other maidens.
"Bring me flesh, and bring me wine,
bring me pine logs hither:
Thou and I shall see him dine,
when we bear them thither."
Page and monarch, forth they went,
forth they went together;
Through the rude wind's wild lament
and the bitter weather. 		Haec vobis pulchre monstrant
Deum creatorem
Quem quoque nos credimus
omnium factorem
O tempus ergo hilare,
quo laetari libet
Renovato nam mundo,
nos novari decet. 		Through each wonder of fair days
God Himself expresses;
Beauty follows all His ways,
as the world He blesses:
So, as He renews the earth,
Artist without rival,
In His grace of glad new birth
we must seek revival. 		"O dilecta domina,
cur sic alienaris?
An nescis, o carissima,
quod sic adamaris?
Si tu esses Helena,
vellem esse Paris!
Tamen potest fieri
noster amor talis." 		"O my chosen one,
why dost thou shun me?
Dost thou not know, dearest,
how much thou art loved?
If thou wert Helen,
I would be Paris.
So great is our love
that it can be so."
"Sire, the night is darker now,
and the wind blows stronger;
Fails my heart, I know not how;
I can go no longer."
"Mark my footsteps, good my page;
Tread thou in them boldly:
Thou shalt find the winter's rage
Freeze thy blood less coldly." 		Terra ornatur floribus
et multo decore
Nos honestis moribus
et vero amore
Gaudeamus igitur
tempore iucundo
Laudemusque Dominum
pectoris ex fundo. 		Earth puts on her dress of glee;
flowers and grasses hide her;
We go forth in charity—
brothers all beside her;
For, as man this glory sees
in th'awakening season,
Reason learns the heart's decrees,
hearts are led by reason
In his master's steps he trod,
where the snow lay dinted;
Heat was in the very sod
which the saint had printed.
Therefore, Christian men, be sure,
wealth or rank possessing,
Ye who now will bless the poor,
shall yourselves find blessing.

Other versions

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  • Walt Kelly's Pogo cartoon strip spoofs the song as "Good King Sauerkraut" and "Good King Winkelhoff".
  • In the film Love Actually, Prime Minister David (Hugh Grant) sings the carol at the home of three small girls to explain his presence there while he is knocking on doors randomly searching for his love interest.
  • In the British show Miranda, Penny plays the song on the piano with altered lyrics.
  • In the Scottish film Filth, Dr Rossi sings the song with altered lyrics.
  • Three Doctor Who stories have referenced the song. The seventh episode of the 1965–1966 serial "The Daleks' Master Plan" is titled "The Feast of Steven" after a lyric in "Good King Wenceslas", a portion of which is sung by two policemen. In the first episode of the 1975 serial "Genesis of the Daleks", the Doctor and his companions Sarah Jane Smith and Harry find themselves in the middle of a minefield on the Dalek home planet Skaro. The Doctor turns to them and says, "Follow me and tread in my footsteps." Sarah Jane looks at Harry and remarks, "Good King Wenceslas." In the 2007 Christmas special entitled "Voyage of the Damned", an alien tour guide on board an alien spaceship replica of the Titanic mistakenly believes that Good King Wenceslas is the current monarch of the United Kingdom while explaining Earth's history.
  • In the television special A Muppet Family Christmas, Gonzo sings this song.
  • In the movie The Muppet Christmas Carol, Bean Bunny sings this song to Scrooge. An instrumental rendition of the song is also played during the opening credits.
  • In the 1987 film Dragnet, LAPD Detective Pep Streebeck closes his eyes and starts singing this song during a high-speed chase when told to "think about Christmas" by his partner, Detective Joe Friday.
  • In Telltale's story driven videogame The Walking Dead: Season Two the character Sarita sings the carol in the second episode titled "A House Divided". Sarita talks about the meaning of the song with a young girl named Sarah as they decorate a massive christmas tree in the ski lodge.
  • In the Discworld book Hogfather, the carol is slightly 'twisted' during a scene when Death, while acting as the Hogfather, encounters a king trying to give a beggar his feast as an act of charity, even though the beggar keeps protesting that he doesn't actually want any of the king's rich food. Death criticizes the king's actions as simply wanting to be praised on Hogswatch night as he has never shown any concern for the beggar before nor will so in the future. Having forced the king out, Death leaves the beggar with a smaller meal of plainer food that is nevertheless more to the beggar's tastes.
  • Buford and Baljeet sing this song with altered lyrics in A Phineas and Ferb Family Christmas.
  • The song is begun by guests of The Simpsons in "White Christmas Blues". Marge, who doesn't like second verses of Christmas carols, remarks this one creeps her out from the beginning and leaves the room to listen to a blender.[34]
  • In the 1983 movie, A Christmas Story, the song is played by the Salvation Army Band outside of Higbee's Department Store.
  • In The Polar Express, the song is played briefly in one scene where the Polar Express passes the Herpolsheimer's store and in another scene, where the hobo sings it while playing the hurdy-gurdy.
  • The setting of Gene Wolfe's novel The Devil in a Forest is based on the second verse of the carol, which is given as the epigraph to the book.
  • The 1987 BBC radio play Crisp and Even Brightly, by Alick Rowe, is a comedic re-telling of the story in the carol, starring Timothy West as Wenceslas, and featuring a page called Mark and other characters not found in the carol.[35]
  • On the Will & Grace season 6 episode "All About Christmas Eve", Karen sings the song with both Jack and Will to a bellman at her suite at the Palace Hotel.
  • On the Big Bang Theory episode "The Santa Simulation", Sheldon sings the song while playing Dungeons & Dragons with Leonard, Howard and Stuart, so that his character in the game can avoid danger. Sheldon insists on singing the entire song, even though he only needs to sing the first verse to complete his task.
  • In a blooper reel of the fourth season of TV series Game of Thrones, Peter Dinklage (Tyrion Lannister) and Nicolaj Coster-Waldau (Jaime Lannister) start singing and dancing to the carol when entering the throne room during Tyrion's trial.
  • In an episode of The Colbert Report, Colbert sings the song with Michael Stipe and Mandy Patinkin.
  • In the Porridge Christmas Special, "No Way Out", Norman Stanley Fletcher and his fellow inmates sing the carol - until they are hushed by Mr. Mackay. In place of "When a poor man came in sight gathering winter fuel" comes: "When a Scotsman came in sight hollerin'...".
  • Comedian John Finnemore wrote a sketch for his Souvenir Programme based on the carol, in which the poor man criticises King Wenceslas for bringing unnecessary fuel and flesh, and for making his page carry them in the cold weather.[36]
  • In an episode of Hogan's Heroes, several of the POWs loudly and repeatedly rehearse the song in order to distract the guards from the covert activities of the rest of the team.
  • At the ironic ending of Frederik Pohl's science fiction novel Jem, human colonists on a faraway planet developed the habit of celebrating Christmas by taking off their clothes and engaging in a wild orgy, their copulations accompanied by a chorus of the planet's enslaved indigenous beings singing "Good King Wenceslas", whose Christian significance was long forgotten.
  • The song was parodied by the British children's television programme, Horrible Histories. In this version, carol singers attempt to give a more historically accurate portrayal of the king, including a line about his murder.[37]
  • The song is parodied by Peter Schickele (aka P. D. Q. Bach) as Good King Kong, though the melody quickly diverges from the original.
  • The Song Is Parodied By Butthole Surfers as "Good King Wencenslaus" on their Single with the same name.[38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Weller, Shane (9 June 1992). Christmas Carols: Complete Verses. Courier Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 9780486273976. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Good King Wenceslas". Hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. 30 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  3. ^ a b https://legacy-www.math.harvard.edu/computing/javascript/Calendar/index.html Harvard University Online Calendar Converter
  4. ^ "The Codex Gigas". www.kb.se. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  5. ^ The First Slavonic Life (in Old Church Slavonic), the anonymous Crescente fide, the Passio by Gumpold, bishop of Mantua (d. 985), and The Life and Passion of Saint Václav and his Grandmother Saint Ludmilla (in Czech she is named Ludmila) by Kristian.
  6. ^ Wolverton, Lisa (22 August 2001). Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3613-2.
  7. ^ "See Defries, David. "St. Oswald's Martyrdom: Drogo of Saint-Winnoc's Sermo secundus de s. Oswaldo", §12, in The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Mediaeval Northwestern Europe, Issue 9 (Oct 2006)". Archived from the original on 9 November 2013.
  8. ^ Wolverton, Lisa (2001). Hastening towards Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 150.
  9. ^ Shuler, Eric (2010). Almsgiving and the Formation of Early Medieval Societies, A.D. 700-1025. A Dissertation (Thesis). Indiana: University of Notre Dame. p. 1.
  10. ^ "Good King Wenceslas". Kresadlo.cz. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  11. ^ Jones, Terry. "Pope Pius II". Archived from the original on 29 May 2006.
  12. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Wenceslaus". Newadvent.org. 1 October 1912. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  13. ^ Wencesla-us is the Mediaeval Latin form of the name, declined in the Second Declension.
  14. ^ Jeremy Summerly, Let Voices Resound: Songs from Piae Cantiones, Naxos 8.553578
  15. ^ a b "bibliotheca Augustana". Hs-augsburg.de. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Tempus Adest Floridum" was translated into English as "The Flower Carol", and was recorded by Jean Ritchie on the album Carols for All Seasons (1959), with its original melody, now usually recognized as the "Good King Wenceslas" tune.
  17. ^ Joseph S. Cook, Mary Gently Laid Her Child, in Worship (2012), Fourth Edition, Chicago: GIA Publications, Hymn 446.
  18. ^ "GIA Publications - Sacred choral music, hymnals, recordings and educations materials, Roman Catholic, Christian". giamusic.com. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  19. ^ "Tempus Adest Floridum". Hymntime.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  20. ^ Neale, John Mason (1849). Deeds of Faith. J and C Mozley.
  21. ^ "Carols for Christmas-tide. Set to ancient melodies and harmonized for voices and pianoforte. " by Thomas Helmore and J. M. Neale, published by J. Alfred Novello, London & New York (1853)
    In the collection of the Harvard Music Society library, Boston.
  22. ^ "Tempus Adest Floridum". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  23. ^ H. J. L. J. Massé, "Old Carols" in Music & Letters, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan., 1921), Oxford University Press, p.67
  24. ^ a b c d e "Good King Wenceslas" in Oxford Book of Carols, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928)
  25. ^ "Good King Wenceslas". www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  26. ^ Scott, Brian (2015). But Do You Recall? 25 Days of Christmas Carols and the Stories Behind Them. Anderson. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-329-91959-4. OCLC 1353770153.
  27. ^ "A Cause for Caroling: A Second Golden Age". BBC Radio 4. 19 December 2017.
  28. ^ Jeremy Summerly (5 December 2017). "Now That's What I Call Carols: 1582!". Gresham College Lecture.
  29. ^ "Full text of "English lyrical poetry from its origins to the present time"". Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  30. ^ Wise Music Classical, Songs without Words, accessed 5 December 2021
  31. ^ "Fanclub Singles | 1989". R.E.M. HQ. 25 December 1989. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  32. ^ Mel Tormé - Topic (19 October 2016). "Good King Wenceslas". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  33. ^ "Good King Wenceslas by Millennial Choirs and Orchestras" on YouTube. Retrieved 9 April 2024
  34. ^ "25x08 - White Christmas Blues - The Simpsons Transcripts - Forever Dreaming". Transcripts.foreverdreaming.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  35. ^ "Alick Rowe - Crisp and Even Brightly". BBC Radio 4 Extra. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  36. ^ "John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme: Good King Wenceslas". YouTube. 15 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  37. ^ "Horrible Histories - Good King Wenceslas". YouTube. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  38. ^ Discogs.com (17 October 2024). "Butthole Surfers - Good King Wencenslaus". Discogs.com. Retrieved 17 October 2024.

Literature

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  • Scott, Brian (2015). But Do You Recall? 25 Days of Christmas Carols and the Stories Behind Them, Anderson, ISBN 978-1-329-91959-4
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