French
DeutschList of governors-general of French Indochina
| Governor-General of French Indochina | |
|---|---|
| Gouverneur de l'Indochine Française (French) Đông Dương tổng thống toàn quyền đại thần (Vietnamese) 東洋總統全權大臣 (chữ Hán) 法屬印度支那總督 (Traditional Chinese) | |
 Emblem of the government-general of French Indochina | |
 Vietnamese-style great seal and kiềm ấn of the governor-general of French Indochina[a] | |
| Reports to | Ministry of the Colonies |
| Residence | Norodom Palace (1887–1902), Residence of the governor-general of French Indochina in Hanoi, Tonkin (1902–1945) |
| Seat | Saigon, French Cochinchina (1887–1902) Hanoi, Tonkin (1902–1945) |
| Formation | 16 November 1887 |
| First holder | Jean Antoine Ernest Constans |
| Final holder | Henri Hoppenot |
| Abolished | 21 July 1956 |
European (as well as Japanese and Chinese) colonial administrators (French: Gouverneurs généraux de l'Indochine française) had historically been responsible for the territory of French Indochina, an area equivalent to modern-day Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and the Chinese city of Zhanjiang.
List of governors-general
[edit]The following have held the position of governor-general of French Indochina.[1][2]
Pre–1945
[edit]| Tenure start | Tenure end | Incumbent | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| French Indochina formed (Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Cochinchina, and from 19 April 1899, Laos) | |||
| Governors-general | |||
| 16 November 1887 | 22 April 1888 | Jean Antoine Ernest Constans | Provisional |
| 22 April 1888 | 30 May 1889 | Étienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud | Acting until 8 September 1888 |
| 31 May 1889 | 18 April 1891 | Jean-Luc de Saint Peauxpas | |
| 18 April 1891 | 26 June 1891 | François Marie Leon Bideau | Acting |
| 26 June 1891 | 29 December 1894 | Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan | |
| 10 March 1894 | 26 October 1894 | Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux | Acting for Lanessan |
| 29 December 1894 | 16 March 1895 | François Pierre Rodier | Acting |
| 16 March 1895 | 10 December 1896 | Paul Armand Rosseau | |
| 21 October 1895 | 14 March 1896 | Paul Julien Auguste Fourès | Acting for Rosseau. 1st time |
| 10 December 1896 | 13 February 1897 | Paul Julien Auguste Fourès | Acting. 2nd time |
| 13 February 1897 | 14 March 1902 | Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer | Future president of France. |
| 29 September 1898 | 24 January 1899 | Paul Julien Auguste Fourès | Acting for Doumer. 3rd time |
| 16 February 1901 | 20 August 1901 | Édouard Alfred Marie Broni | Acting for Doumer. 1st time |
| 14 March 1902 | 14 October 1902 | Édouard Alfred Marie Broni | Acting. 2nd time |
| 15 October 1902 | 28 February 1908 | Jean Baptiste Paul Beau | |
| 28 February 1908 | 23 September 1908 | Louis Alphonse Bonhoure | Acting |
| 24 September 1908 | 17 February 1911 | Antony Wladislas Klobukowski | |
| 13 January 1910 | 10 June 1910 | Albert Jean George Marie Louis Picquié | Acting for Klobukowski |
| 17 February 1911 | 14 November 1911 | Paul Louis Luce | Acting |
| 15 November 1911 | 22 November 1913 | Albert-Pierre Sarraut | 1st time |
| 22 November 1913 | 3 March 1915 | Joost van Vollenhoven | Acting |
| 3 March 1915 | 22 May 1916 | Ernest Nestor Roume | |
| 23 May 1916 | 21 January 1917 | Jean-François dit Eugène Charles | Acting |
| 22 January 1917 | 9 December 1919 | Albert-Pierre Sarraut | 2nd time |
| 22 May 1919 | 19 February 1920 | Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | Acting. 1st time |
| 20 February 1920 | 15 April 1922 | Maurice Long | |
| 18 November 1920 | 31 March 1921 | Joseph Maurice Le Gallen | Acting for Long |
| 15 April 1922 | 9 August 1923 | François Marius Baudouin | Acting |
| 9 August 1923 | 23 April 1925 | Martial Henri Merlin | |
| 23 April 1925 | 18 November 1925 | Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | 2nd time |
| 18 November 1925 | 22 August 1928 | Alexandre Varenne | |
| 4 October 1926 | 16 May 1927 | Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier | Acting for Varenne. 1st time |
| 1 November 1927 | 7 August 1928 | Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | Acting for Varenne. 3rd time |
| 7 August 1928 | 26 December 1928 | Eugène Jean Louis René Robin | Acting. 1st time |
| 26 December 1928 | 15 January 1934 | Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier | 2nd time |
| 1 December 1930 | 30 June 1931 | Eugène Jean Louis René Robin | Acting for Pasquier. 2nd time |
| 15 January 1934 | 23 July 1934 | Maurice Fernand Graffeuil | Acting |
| 23 July 1934 | 9 September 1936 | Eugène Jean Louis René Robin | Acting for Pasquier. 3rd time |
| 9 September 1936 | 14 January 1937 | Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre | Acting |
| 14 January 1937 | 20 August 1939 | Joseph-Jules Brévié | |
| 20 August 1939 | 25 June 1940 | Georges Catroux | Acting |
| 25 June 1940 | 9 March 1945 | Jean Decoux | Interim until 29 August 1940. Continued serving after the Japanese invasion; deposed in the Japanese coup d'état |
| Japanese military occupation | |||
| 9 March 1945 | 28 August 1945 | Yuitsu Tsuchihashi | Japanese military commander in Indochina and provisional governor-general |
| 9 March 1945 | 15 August 1945 | Takeshi Tsukamoto | Acting for Tsuchihashi |
| 10 April 1945 | September 1945 | Gabriel Sabattier | PGFR delegate-general; in opposition to Japanese occupation after the coup. Retreated with remaining troops to China in May |
| Allied military administration | |||
| 14 September 1945 | 14 May 1946 | Lu Han | Military governor (Republic of China), above 16th parallel |
| 13 September 1945 | 28 March 1946 | Douglas Gracey | Military governor (United Kingdom), below 16th parallel |
Post–1945
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| High commissioner (Hauts-commissaires de France en Indochine) | |||||
| – | Jean Cédile (1908–1984) Acting | 23 September 1945 | 5 October 1945 | 12 days | |
| – | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1908–1984) Acting | 5 October 1945 | 31 October 1945 | 26 days | |
| 1 | Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (1889–1964) Appointed as the High Commissioner 17 August 1945, but did not enter his position until 2 November. | 2 November 1945 | 27 March 1947 | 1 year, 145 days | |
| 2 | Émile Bollaert (1890–1978) | 27 March 1947 | 20 October 1948 | 1 year, 207 days | |
| 3 | Léon Pignon (1908–1976) | 20 October 1948 | 13 December 1950 | 2 years, 54 days | |
| 4 | Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952) | 13 December 1950 | 11 January 1952 † | 1 year, 29 days | |
| 5 | Raoul Salan (1899–1984) | 11 January 1952 | 18 April 1952 | 98 days | |
| 6 | Jean Letourneau (1907–1986) | 18 April 1952 | 27 April 1953 | 1 year, 9 days | |
| Commissioners-general (Commissaires généraux en Indochine) | |||||
| 1 | Jean Letourneau (1907–1986) | 27 April 1953 | 23 July 1953 | 87 days | |
| 2 | Maurice Dejean (1899–1982) Served at the time of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu | 23 July 1953 | 4 June 1954 | 316 days | |
| 3 | Paul Ély (1897–1975) | 4 June 1954 | April 1955 | 9 months | |
| 4 | Henri Hoppenot (1891–1977) | April 1955 | 21 July 1956 | 1 year, 3 months | |
![Jean Cédile [fr]](/wiki/en/File:No_image.png)
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See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Used on Classical Chinese language documents. The inscription of the great seal reads Đại Pháp Quốc Khâm mệnh Tổng thống Đông Dương Toàn quyền đại thần quan nho (大法國欽命總統東洋全權大臣關伩)) and the inscription of the kiềm ấn reads Toàn quyền đại thần (全權大臣, "governor-general") written in seal script.
References
[edit]- ^ Commission française du Guide des Sources de l'Histoire des Nations (1981). Sources de l'histoire de l'Asie et de l'Océanie dans les archives et bibliothèques françaises. Part 1: Archives (in French). München: K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-21472-3.
- ^ Cahoon, Ben (n.d.). "French Union of Indo-China". WorldStatesmen.org. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- de Lanessan, Jean Marie Antoine; Truslove, Roland (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 494.
- Wieviorka, Olivier (2008). Normandy: The Landings to the Liberation of Paris. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02838-8 – via Internet Archive.