Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Alexandrovich.
Grand Duke George Alexandrovich
Grand Duke George in 1892
Born(1871-05-09)9 May 1871
Alexander Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died10 July 1899(1899-07-10) (aged 28)
Abastumani, Georgia, Russian Empire
Burial
Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
HouseHolstein-Gottorp-Romanov
FatherAlexander III of Russia
MotherDagmar of Denmark

Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia (9 May [O.S. 27 April] 1871 – 10 July [O.S. 28 June] 1899) was the third son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria of Russia and brother of Emperor Nicholas II.

Childhood

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Grand Duke George as a child with his parents, brother Nicholas and sister Xenia.

George was named after his uncle, King George I of Greece.[1] He was brought up in a spartan fashion with his siblings in the English manner. They slept on camp beds, rose at six and usually took cold baths (being occasionally allowed a warm bath in their mother's bathroom). Breakfast usually consisted of porridge and black bread, mutton cutlets or roast beef with peas. Baked potatoes were served for lunch and bread, butter and jam at teatime. George and Nicholas, his brother and later emperor, had a sitting-room, dining room, playroom and bedroom, all simply furnished. The only trace of ostentation was an icon surrounded by pearls and precious stones.[2] Because of his parents' happy marriage he was brought up in an atmosphere of love and security that was missing in many royal households at the time.[2]

On 27 May 1883, George's parents were crowned in a ceremony in the Uspensky Cathedral at the Kremlin in Moscow. The Emperor and Empress received the homage of the Imperial Family, including their sons, Nicholas and George.[3] The family lived mostly in the security of the palace at Gatchina.

Education, career and health

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George was considered to be the most clever of the Imperial children and outgoing like his mother.[4] George and Nicholas shared the same tutors but studied in adjoining rooms. They followed the course of the Academy of the Russian General Staff, their tutors being distinguished professors. Their English teacher, Charles Heath, had once been tutor to their uncles, Grand Dukes Sergei and Pavel. Both brothers spoke and wrote perfect English. From Mr. Heath they acquired a love of sport, particularly shooting and fly-fishing. They also spoke fluent French and passable German and Danish.[4] George displayed signs of a promising career in the Navy before falling ill with tuberculosis in 1890.[5]

The Emperor and Empress decided to send both Nicholas and George on a nine-month-long trip to Japan in 1890. George would go as a naval cadet and Nicholas to complete his education by seeing the world. They left Gatchina on 4 November 1890. Nicholas and George first went by warship to Athens where they were joined by their cousin, Prince George of Greece. From there, they traveled to Egypt, then to India. From Bombay in India, Nicholas telegraphed that his brother George had to remain on the ship because he had trouble with his leg. George's family was informed that he had a fever and would have to return home. George was diagnosed with acute bronchitis and was sent back to Athens where he could be examined by Imperial doctors. The Empress was distressed for both her sons: George, whose sickness affected her deeply, and Nicholas, who was now deprived of his brother's company.[6] Nicholas also later returned home early following a failed assassination attempt on his life by Tsuda Sanzō, known as the Ōtsu incident.

Tsesarevich

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Grand Duke George Alexandrovitch.

In November 1894 Alexander III died and Nicholas became Emperor. At the time, Nicholas had no children, thus, according to the laws of succession of the Russian Empire, the Grand Duke George became Tsesarevich, the heir presumptive to the throne.[7][8] George's ill-health had forced him to relocate to Likani, making it impossible for him to return to St. Petersburg for the funeral of his father.[9] Nicholas wrote to his brother, "Constantly pray to God to send you a full and speedy recovery, and to comfort you because it is so much more difficult to be alone after such great sorrow than it is for us who are at least together!" [10] George also missed the christenings of Nicholas' elder daughters, Olga and Tatiana. Shortly after the birth of Nicholas' third daughter, Maria, in June 1899, George wrote to his brother, "I am terribly sad that I have not yet been able to see your daughters and get to know them; but what can I do? It means it's not my fate, and everything is the will of God."[11]

George was visited by his mother in Likani. In 1895, George and his mother visited Denmark and nearby Danish relatives.

Suddenly, his health started to deteriorate. "Yesterday, in the garden, he expectorated some blood...that frightened me more than I can tell – the surprise of it was shocking because he had been so well of late...I am quite desperate that this should have happened here." [12] As a result, George was forbidden to smoke and was confined to his bed until he was fit enough to return to Likani. Writing to Nicholas back home once again, George said about his trip to Denmark, "Of course, it was good to see the family after 4 years, but it did not really do me any good, as I lost more than 5 pounds which I had put on with such difficulty in May and June. I also get out of breath more easily. So these are the results of my trip. Very annoying."[13]

Death

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Grand Duke George Alexandrovich in 1889

George died suddenly in Abastumani on 10 July 1899 at the age of 28. He had been out alone on his motorcycle and some hours later, when he failed to return, his worried staff sent out a search party. By the time they found him, a peasant woman had already discovered him collapsed at the side of the road, blood oozing from his mouth as he struggled to breathe. She supported him in her arms until he died.[14]

George and his brother Nicholas
Death place of George Alexandrovich in Abastumani, Georgia

The news reached Nicholas by telegram, who had the difficult task of telling their family. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich wrote, "Everyone was struck, as if by lightning, by this sad and unexpected news.[15] Queen Victoria wrote to Nicholas II, "Pray to accept the expression of my sincerest sympathy in this great sorrow, for I know the affection you had for your poor brother Georgy, whose life was so sad and lonely."[15] The Dowager Empress telegraphed Queen Victoria, "Thank you so much for kind sympathy in this terrible sudden bereavement... My poor dearest son died quite alone. I am heartbroken."[14]

On 14 July 1899 George was laid to rest in the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, not far from his late father, Alexander III. When the coffin was lowered into the tomb, Maria Feodorovna stood next to Xenia holding her arm-in-arm, but quickly left the service as a result of her grief. Maria retrieved George's hat and took it with her as she left in-carriage.[16]

Legacy

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George's title as heir presumptive was passed to his younger brother Michael until the birth of Nicholas' son Alexei in 1904. In 1910 Michael named his newborn son George after his late brother.

DNA evidence

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Decades later, George's body was disinterred from the grave in the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul so that a sample of DNA could be taken from his remains to determine whether some unidentified skeletal remains belonged to his older brother, Nicholas II. The DNA sample obtained from the Grand Duke's remains indicated that he was closely related to the DNA sample from the other remains, confirming their identity. After the completion of DNA testing, the remains of Grand Duke George Alexandrovich were once again laid to rest not far from those of his older brother and family.[17]

Honours

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Ancestry

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See also: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

Notes

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  1. ^ Lerche, Mandal, p.174
  2. ^ a b Hall, p.61
  3. ^ Hall, p.103
  4. ^ a b Hall, p.94
  5. ^ Lerche, Mandal, p.181
  6. ^ Hall, p.145
  7. ^ Sometimes the non-Russian world rendered this as Tsarevich. This was an older title commonly used in Russia before Peter the Great's 1721 reforms for any son of a Tsar, including non-Russian Tsars. After 1721, sons of the Russian Tsar were titled Grand Duke.
  8. ^ Barkovets, Tenikhina, p.97
  9. ^ Hall, p.165
  10. ^ Maylunas, Mironenko, p.108
  11. ^ Maylunas, Mironenko, p.172
  12. ^ Maylunas, Mironenko, p.176
  13. ^ Maylunas, Mironenko, p.119
  14. ^ a b Hall, p.186
  15. ^ a b Hall, p.173
  16. ^ Diary of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna for 1899, State Archives of the Russian Federation f.662, op.1, d.13, 1,97-97v
  17. ^ Hall, p.356
  18. ^ Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha 1899 (1899) p. 94
  19. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1894) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1894 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1894] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 5. Retrieved 16 September 2019 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  21. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.
  22. ^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1898, p. 8 – via hathitrust.org
  24. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1898. p. 160. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

References

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