Great Divergence (inequality)

This article is about the post-1980 growth in inequality. For era of dominance of Western Civilization, see Great Divergence.

The Great Divergence is a term given to a period, starting in the late 1970s, during which income differences drastically increased in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in other countries. The term originated with the Nobel laureate, Princeton economist and The New York Times columnist Paul Krugman,[1] and is a reference to the "Great Compression", an earlier era in the 1930s and the 1940s when incomes became more equal in the USA and elsewhere.[2]

Share of U.S. pre-tax income earned by the top 1% (blue) and top 0.1% (red) of households 1913–2016[3][4]

A 2017 report by the Congressional Budget Office on the distribution of income in the USA from 1979 to 2007 found that after federal taxes and income transfers, the top earning 1% of households gained about 275% and that the bottom 20% grew by only 41%.[5] As of 2006, the USA had one of the highest levels of income inequality, as measured through the Gini Index, among similar developed or First World countries.[6]

The Great Divergence contrasts with the "Great Prosperity" or Golden Age of Capitalism, where from the late 1940s to mid 1970s, at least for workers in the advanced economies, economic growth had delivered benefits broadly shared across the earnings spectrums, with inequality falling as the poorest sections of society increased their incomes at a faster rate than the richest.[7]

Scholars and others differ as the causes and significance of the divergence,[8][9] which helped ignite the Occupy movement in 2011. While education and increased demand for skilled labour is often cited as a cause of increased inequality,[10] especially among conservatives, many social scientists[11] point to conservative politics, neoliberal economic and social policies[12][13] and public policy as an important cause of inequality; others believe its causes are not well understood.[14] Inequality has been described both as irrelevant in the face of economic opportunity (or social mobility) in America and as a cause of the decline in that opportunity.[15][16]

Others consider that the exodus of manufacturing jobs from industrialized countries since the 1990s has been another defining factor. For instance, the journalist James Surowiecki pointed out in a 2013 article for The New Yorker how in 50 years "big business" had changed from high-paying manufacturers to low-paying retailers

In 1960, the country's biggest employer, General Motors, was also its most profitable company and one of its best-paying. It had high profit margins and real pricing power, even as it was paying its workers union wages. And it was not alone: firms like Ford, Standard Oil, and Bethlehem Steel employed huge numbers of well-paid workers while earning big profits. Today, the country's biggest employers are retailers and fast-food chains, almost all of which have built their businesses on low pay—they've striven to keep wages down and unions out—and low prices.[17]

While these retailers and fast-food chains are profitable, their profit margins are not large, which limits their ability to follow the lead of successful companies in high-growth industries that pay relatively generous salaries, such as Apple Inc.

The combined profits of all the major retailers, restaurant chains, and supermarkets in the Fortune 500 are smaller than the profits of Apple alone. Yet Apple employs just 76,000 people, while the retailers, supermarkets, and restaurant chains employ 5.6 million.[17]

Upwards pressure on economic inequality continues into 2024. [18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Krugman, Paul, The Conscience of a Liberal, W W Norton & Company, 2007, pp. 124–128
  2. ^ The Great Divergence. By Timothy Noah
  3. ^ Saez, E. & Piketty, T. (2003). Income inequality in the United States: 1913–1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 1–39.
  4. ^ "Saez, E. (October, 2007). Table A1: Top fractiles income shares (excluding capital gains) in the US, 1913–2005". Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  5. ^ Congressional Budget Office: Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007. October 2011. Figure 3.
  6. ^ Weeks, J. (2007). Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD countries. In J. K. S. & J. Baudot (Ed.), Flat World, Big Gaps (159–74). New York: ZED Books (published in association with the UN).
  7. ^ Robert B. Reich (3 September 2011). "The Limping Middle Class". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2011. During periods when the very rich took home a larger proportion—as between 1918 and 1933, and in the Great Regression from 1981 to the present day—growth slowed, median wages stagnated and we suffered giant downturns. ...
  8. ^ Krugman, Paul. "The Rich, the Right, and the Facts: Deconstructing the Income Distribution Debate" prospect.org, 19 December 2001
  9. ^ Sowell, Thomas. "Perennial Economic Fallacies," Jewish World Review 7 February 2000, URL accessed 3 November 2011.
  10. ^ "CIA. (June 14, 2007). United States: Economy. World Factbook". Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  11. ^ such as economists Paul Krugman and Timothy Smeeding and political scientists Larry Bartels and Nathan Kelly
  12. ^ Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States, (London: Routledge, 2015), ISBN 0415673445, p. 7.
  13. ^ David M. Kotz, The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015), ISBN 0674725654. p. 43
  14. ^ Congressional Budget Office: Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007. October 2011.
  15. ^ Here is the source for the "Great Gatsby Curve" in the Alan Krueger speech at the Center for American Progress on 12 January
  16. ^ White House: Here's Why You Have To Care About Inequality Timothy Noah | tnr.com| 13 January 2012
  17. ^ a b Surowiecki, James (12 August 2013). "The Pay Is Too Damn Low". The New Yorker.
  18. ^ "World Employment and Social Outlook: September 2024 Update". International Labour Organization. September 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
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