H. Rider Haggard

Sir

H. Rider Haggard

KBE
Haggard, c. 1905
Haggard, c. 1905
BornHenry Rider Haggard
(1856-06-22)22 June 1856
Bradenham, Norfolk, England
Died14 May 1925(1925-05-14) (aged 68)
Marylebone, London, England
Resting placeSt. Mary's Church, Ditchingham, Norfolk, England
OccupationNovelist, scholar
Period19th and 20th century
GenreAdventure, fantasy, fables,
romance, sci-fi, historical
SubjectAfrica, Ancient Egypt
Notable worksKing Solomon's Mines,
Allan Quatermain series,
She
Signature
Website
www.riderhaggardsociety.org.uk

Sir Henry Rider Haggard KBE (/ˈhæɡərd/; 22 June 1856 – 14 May 1925) was an English writer of adventure fiction romances set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a pioneer of the lost world literary genre.[1] He was also involved in land reform throughout the British Empire.[2] His stories, situated at the lighter end of Victorian literature and including the eighteen Allan Quatermain stories beginning with King Solomon's Mines, continue to be popular and influential.

Life and career

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Family

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Henry Rider Haggard, generally known as H. Rider Haggard or Rider Haggard, was born at Bradenham, Norfolk, the eighth of ten children, to William Meybohm Rider Haggard, a barrister, and Ella Doveton, an author and poet.[3] His father was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1817 to British parents.[4]

A member of the Haggard family, he was the great-nephew of the ecclesiastical lawyer John Haggard and an uncle of the naval officer Admiral Sir Vernon Haggard and the diplomat Sir Godfrey Haggard.[5]

Education

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Haggard was initially sent to Garsington Rectory in Oxfordshire to study under Reverend H. J. Graham, but, unlike his elder brothers, who graduated from various private schools, he attended Ipswich Grammar School.[6] This was because[7] his father, who perhaps regarded him as somebody who was not going to amount to much,[8] could no longer afford to maintain his expensive private education. After failing his army entrance exam, he was sent to a private crammer in London to prepare for the entrance exam for the British Foreign Office,[6] which he never sat. During his two years in London he came into contact with people interested in the study of psychic phenomena.[9]

Portrait of H. Rider Haggard c. 1902

South Africa, 1875–1882

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In 1875, Haggard's father sent him to what is now South Africa to take up an unpaid position as assistant to the secretary to Sir Henry Bulwer, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Natal.[10] In 1876, he was transferred to the staff of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, Special Commissioner for the Transvaal. It was in this role that Haggard was present in Pretoria in April 1877 for the official announcement of the British annexation of the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. Indeed, Haggard raised the Union flag and read out much of the proclamation following the loss of voice of the official originally entrusted with the duty.[11]

At about that time, Haggard fell in love with Mary Elizabeth "Lilly" Jackson, whom he intended to marry once he obtained paid employment in Africa. In 1878, he became Registrar of the High Court in the Transvaal, and wrote to his father informing him that he intended to return to England and marry her. His father forbade it until Haggard had made a career for himself, and by 1879 Jackson had married Frank Archer, a well-to-do banker. When Haggard eventually returned to England, he married a friend of his sister, Marianna Louisa Margitson (1859–1943) in 1880, and the couple travelled to Africa together. They had a son named Jack (born 1881, died of measles at age 10) and three daughters, Angela (b.1883), Dorothy (b.1884) and Lilias (b.1892). Lilias Rider Haggard became an author, edited The Rabbit Skin Cap and I Walked By Night, and wrote a biography of her father entitled The Cloak That I Left (published in 1951).

In England, 1882–1925

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Blue plaque, 69 Gunterstone Road, London

Moving back to England in 1882, the couple settled in Ditchingham, Norfolk, Louisa Margitson's ancestral home. Later they lived in Kessingland and had connections with the church in Bungay, Suffolk. Haggard turned to the study of law and was called to the bar in 1884. His practice of law was desultory and much of his time was taken up by the writing of novels, which he saw as being more profitable. Haggard lived at 69 Gunterstone Road in Hammersmith, London, from mid-1885 to circa April 1888. It was at this Hammersmith address that he completed King Solomon's Mines (published September 1885).[12]

Haggard was heavily influenced by the larger-than-life adventurers whom he met in colonial Africa, most notably Frederick Selous and Frederick Russell Burnham. He created his Allan Quatermain adventures under their influence, during a time when great mineral wealth was being discovered in Africa, as well as the ruins of ancient lost civilisations of the continent such as Great Zimbabwe.[13][14]

Three of his books, The Wizard (1896), Black Heart and White Heart; a Zulu Idyll (1896), and Elissa; the Doom of Zimbabwe (1898), are dedicated to Burnham's daughter Nada, the first white child born in Bulawayo; she had been named after Haggard's 1892 book Nada the Lily.[15] Haggard belonged to the Athenaeum, Savile, and Authors' clubs.[16]

H. Rider Haggard in later life (undated picture)

Aid for Lilly Archer

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Years later, when Haggard was a successful novelist, he was contacted by his former love, Lilly Archer, née Jackson. She had been deserted by her husband, who had embezzled funds entrusted to him and had fled bankrupt to Africa. Haggard installed her and her sons in a house and saw to the children's education. Lilly eventually followed her husband to Africa, where he infected her with syphilis before dying of it himself. Lilly returned to England in late 1907, where Haggard again supported her until her death on 22 April 1909. These details were not generally known until the publication of Haggard's 1981 biography by Sydney Higgins.[17]

Writing career

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After returning to England in 1882, Haggard published a book on the political situation in South Africa, as well as a handful of unsuccessful novels,[18] before writing the book for which he is most famous, King Solomon's Mines. He accepted a 10 percent royalty rather than £100 for the copyright.[19]

A sequel soon followed entitled Allan Quatermain, followed by She and its sequel Ayesha, swashbuckling adventure novels set in the context of the Scramble for Africa (although the action of Ayesha happens in Tibet). The hugely popular King Solomon's Mines is sometimes considered the first of the Lost World genre.[20] She is generally considered to be one of the classics of imaginative literature,[21][22] and with 83 million copies sold by 1965, it is one of the best-selling books in history.[23] He is also remembered for Nada the Lily (a tale of adventure among the Zulus) and the epic Viking romance Eric Brighteyes.

His novels portray many of the stereotypes associated with colonialism, yet they are unusual for the degree of sympathy with which the native populations are portrayed. Africans often play heroic roles in the novels, although the protagonists are typically European. Notable examples are the heroic Zulu warrior Umslopogaas, and Ignosi, the rightful king of Kukuanaland, in King Solomon's Mines. Having developed an intense mutual friendship with the three Englishmen who help him regain his throne, he accepts their advice and abolishes witch-hunts and arbitrary capital punishment.

Three of Haggard's novels were written in collaboration with his friend Andrew Lang, who shared his interest in the spiritual realm and paranormal phenomena.

Haggard also wrote about agricultural and social reform, in part inspired by his experiences in Africa, but also based on what he saw in Europe. At the end of his life, he was a staunch opponent of Bolshevism, a position that he shared with his friend Rudyard Kipling. The two had bonded upon Kipling's arrival at London in 1889, largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and remained lifelong friends.[24]

Public affairs

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Haggard was involved in reforming agriculture and was a member of many commissions on land use and related affairs, work that involved several trips to the Colonies and Dominions.[25] It eventually led to the passage of the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act 1909.[26]

He stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as a Conservative candidate for the Eastern division of Norfolk in the 1895 summer election, losing by 197 votes.[27] He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1912 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours.[28][29]

Death

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Haggard died on 14 May 1925 in Marylebone, London, aged 68.[30][1] His ashes were buried at St Mary's Church, Ditchingham.[31] His papers are held at the Norfolk Record Office.[32][33] His relatives include the writer Stephen Haggard (great-nephew), the director Piers Haggard (great-great-nephew), and the actress Daisy Haggard (great-great-great-niece).[34]

Legacy

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Vanity Fair, 1887

Influence

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Psychoanalyst Carl Jung considered Ayesha, the female protagonist of She, to be a manifestation of the anima.[35] Her epithet "She Who Must Be Obeyed" is used by British author John Mortimer in his Rumpole of the Bailey series as the lead character's private name for his wife, Hilda, before whom he trembles at home (despite the fact that he is a barrister with some skill in court). Haggard's Lost World genre influenced popular American pulp writers such as Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy, Philip José Farmer, and Abraham Merritt.[36] Allan Quatermain, the adventure hero of eighteen novels and short stories beginning with King Solomon's Mines (1885), was a template for the American character Indiana Jones.[37][38][39] Quatermain has gained recent popularity thanks to being a main character in the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.

Graham Greene, in an essay about Haggard, stated, "Enchantment is just what this writer exercised; he fixed pictures in our minds that thirty years have been unable to wear away."[40] Haggard was praised in 1965 by Roger Lancelyn Green, one of the Oxford Inklings, as a writer of a consistently high level of "literary skill and sheer imaginative power" and a co-originator with Robert Louis Stevenson of the Age of the Story Tellers.[41]

On race

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Rider Haggard's works have been criticised for their depictions of non-Europeans. In his non-fiction book Decolonising the Mind, Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o refers to Haggard, who he says was one of the canonical authors in primary and secondary school, as one of the "geniuses of racism."[42] Author and academic Micere Mugo wrote in 1973 that reading the description of "an old African woman in Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines had for a long time made her feel mortal terror whenever she encountered old African women."[42]

Haggard's works include many positive views of Africans. He includes them as heroes in some of his stories. For instance, all the main characters in Nada the Lily are black, and the book is narrated by an African character, while in "Black Heart and White Heart: A Zulu Idyll" the "black-hearted" character is a white man, while the "white-hearted" (i.e. virtuous) character is black.

Haggard criticises the use of the word "nigger," and in non-fiction works like Cetywayo and His White Neighbours, he argues that natives should be allowed to retain their practices, including polygamy.[43]

James Powell and Sons' presentation drawing for the Rider-Haggard window at Ditchingham Church, Norfolk (1925)

Influence on children's literature in the 19th century

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During the 19th century, Haggard was one of many individuals who contributed to children's literature. Morton N. Cohen described King Solomon's Mines as a story that has "universal interest, for grown-ups as well as youngsters".[44] Haggard himself wanted to write the book for boys, but it ultimately had an influence on children and adults around the world. Cohen explained, "King Solomon’s Mines was being read in the public schools [and] aloud in class-rooms".[44]

General influence and legacy

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The first chapter of Haggard's book People of the Mist is credited with inspiring the motto of the Royal Air Force (formerly the Royal Flying Corps), Per ardua ad astra.[45]

In 1925, his daughter Lilias commissioned a memorial window for Ditchingham Church, in his honour, from James Powell and Sons.[46] The design features the Pyramids, his farm in Africa, and Bungay as seen from the Vineyard Hills near his home.[46]

The Rider Haggard Society was founded in 1985. It publishes the Haggard Journal three times a year.[47]

Works

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Main article: List of works by H. Rider Haggard

Films based on Haggard's works

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Haggard's writings have been turned into films many times including:

  • King Solomon's Mines
This novel has been adapted for film at least six times. The first version, King Solomon's Mines, directed by Robert Stevenson, premiered in 1937. The best known version premiered in 1950: King Solomon's Mines, directed by Compton Bennett and Andrew Marton, was followed in 1959 by a sequel, Watusi. In 1979 a low-budget version directed by Alvin Rakoff, King Solomon's Treasure, combined both King Solomon's Mines and Allan Quatermain in one story. The 1985 film King Solomon's Mines was a tongue-in-cheek comedy, with a 1987 sequel in the same vein, Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold. Around the same time an Australian animated TV film came out as King Solomon's Mines. In 2004 an American TV mini-series, King Solomon's Mines starred Patrick Swayze. In 2008 a direct-to-video adaptation, Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls, was released by Mark Atkins; it bore more resemblance to Indiana Jones than the novel.
The film Dawn was released in 1917, starring Hubert Carter and Annie Esmond.
This book was filmed in 1912,[48] featuring Marguerite Snow, Florence La Badie and James Cruze, in 1914 with Constance Crawley and Arthur Maude,[49] and in 1917 as Heart and Soul, starring Theda Bara in the title role.[50]
The 1917 American film Cleopatra was based on Haggard's novel and other sources.
The book was adapted into a 1921 Italian silent drama film called The Stronger Passion,[51] directed by Herbert Brenon and starring Marie Doro and Sandro Salvini.[52]
The novel was adapted into a 1922 South African film.[53]
The book was adapted into a 1921 British film, Stella.[54]
This novel was the basis of a script by Ladislaus Vajda, for film-director Michael Curtiz in his 1924 Austrian epic known as Die Sklavenkönigin (Queen of the Slaves).[55]
  • Allen Quatermain is the lead character in the film League of Extraordianry Gentlemen (2003). Although the plot of this film is not found in any form in any of Haggard's work, the Quatermain in this film is explicitly meant to be Haggard's Quatermain.

Honours

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The locality of Rider, British Columbia, was named after him. Rider Haggard Lane in Kessingland, Suffolk, is located at his former home.

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ a b "Rider Haggard Dies in London Hospital. Author of 'She,' 'King Solomon's Mines' and Many Other Novels Was Nearly 69. He Was Knighted in 1912. An Authority on Agriculture and Sociology. Served on Government Missions". The New York Times. 15 May 1925. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  2. ^ Watts, James (2021). "Land Reform, Henry Rider Haggard, and the Politics of Imperial Settlement, 1900–1920". The Historical Journal. 65 (2): 415–435. doi:10.1017/S0018246X21000613. ISSN 0018-246X.
  3. ^ "Lost Races, Forgotten Cities". Violetbooks.com. 14 May 1925. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  4. ^ "The Days of My Life, by H. Rider Haggard : CHAPTER 1". ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  5. ^ Burke, B. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, 14th ed. (1925). Haggard of Bradenham, pp. 804-806.
  6. ^ a b Haggard, H. Rider (1989). "Introduction and Chronology; by Dennis Butts. In". King Solomon's Mines. Oxford University Press. vii–xxviii.
  7. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (2002). "H. Rider Haggard". King Solomon's Mines. Modern Library Paperback Edition. v.
  8. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (2002). "H. Rider Haggard". King Solomon's Mines. Modern Library Paperback Edition. vi.
  9. ^ H.d.R. [Memoir of Haggard]. In: Haggard, H. Rider (1957) Ayesha. London: Collins
  10. ^ Haggard, H. Rider (2002). "H. Rider Haggard". King Solomon's Mines. Modern Library Paperback Edition. vi.
  11. ^ Pakenham, Thomas (1992) The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876–1912, Avon Books, New York. ISBN 0-380-71999-1.
  12. ^ Eagles, Dorothy, and Carnell, Hilary, eds. (1978) The Oxford Literary Guide to the British Isles, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-869123-8 p. 188
  13. ^ Mandiringana, E.; Stapleton, T. J. (1998). "The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous". History in Africa. 25. African Studies Association: 199–218. doi:10.2307/3172188. JSTOR 3172188. S2CID 161701151.
  14. ^ Pearson, Edmund Lester. "Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter". Humanities Web. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
  15. ^ Haggard 1926.
  16. ^ "HAGGARD, Henry Rider". Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 756.
  17. ^ Higgins 1981.
  18. ^ Ellis 1978, p. 89.
  19. ^ Etherington 1984, p. 99.
  20. ^ According to Robert E. Morsberger in the "Afterword" of King Solomon's Mines, The Reader's Digest (1993).
  21. ^ "Supernatural Horror in Literature by H. P. Lovecraft". Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  22. ^ H.P. Lovecraft has stated in his essay Supernatural Horror in Literature: The romantic, semi-Gothic, quasi-moral tradition here represented was carried far down the nineteenth century by such authors as Joseph Sheridan LeFanu, Wilkie Collins, the late Sir H. Rider Haggard (whose She is really remarkably good), Sir A. Conan Doyle, H. G. Wells, and Robert Louis Stevenson
  23. ^ "Cinema: Waiting for Leo". Time. 17 September 1965. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008.
  24. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1937). Something of Myself. London: Macmillan & Co.
  25. ^ Cohen 1961, pp. 239–85.
  26. ^ Cohen 1961, p. 178.
  27. ^ Cohen 1961, pp. 157–58.
  28. ^ "No. 28588". The London Gazette. 8 March 1912. p. 1745.
  29. ^ "No. 31114". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 January 1919. p. 448.
  30. ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  31. ^ Higgins 1981, p. 241.
  32. ^ Pocock 1993, p. 288.
  33. ^ "Rider Haggard Papers". Norfolk Record Office. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  34. ^ "Daisy Haggard: 'If I had Botox, my career would be over'". The Guardian. 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  35. ^ Fike, Matthew A. (2015). "Encountering the Anima in Africa: H. Rider Haggard's She". Jungian Journal of Scholarly Studies. 10. doi:10.29173/jjs50s. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  36. ^ See Lee Server, Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers (2002), pg.131.
  37. ^ "The Republic Serials were most strongly influenced by Sir Henry Rider Haggard's 'white man explores savage Africa' stories, in particular King Solomon's Mines (1886)"
  38. ^ "Star Wars Origins – Other Science Fiction Influences".
  39. ^ "Based on a 1885 novel by Henry Rider Haggard Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, the exploits of Allan Quatermain have long served as a template for the Indiana Jones character. In this particular film, King Solomon's Mines (1950), Quatermain finds himself unwillingly thrust into a worldwide search for the legendary mines of King Solomon. The look and feel of Indiana and his past adventures are quite apparent here, and his new quest follows some very similar through lines. Like Quatermain, Jones is reluctantly forced into helping the Russians find the Lost Temple of Akator and the Crystal Skulls mentioned in the film's title. Both Quatermain and Jones are confronted by angry villagers and a myriad of dangerous booby traps. Look to King Solomon's Mines for a good idea on the feel and tone Lucas and Spielberg are after with their latest Indiana Jones outing".
  40. ^ Greene, Graham (1969). Rider Haggard's Secret. New York: Viking Press. pp. 209–214. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  41. ^ from the introduction to the 1965 Everyman's Library edition of the one-volume The Prisoner of Zenda and Rupert of Hentzau by Anthony Hope
  42. ^ a b Thiong'o, Ngugi wa (1 January 1994). Decolonising the mind: the politics of language in African literature. East African Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 9789966466846.
  43. ^ "R. D. Mullen- The Books of H. Rider Haggard: A Chronological Survey". www.depauw.edu. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  44. ^ a b Cohen, Morton N., "The Tale of African Adventure." Rider Haggard: His Life and Works. New York: Walker and Company, 1961. 89–95. Print.
  45. ^ "The Royal Air Force MottoThe Royal Air Force Motto". RAF. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  46. ^ a b "The List". Abbott and Holder Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  47. ^ Fergusson, James (2018) The Haggard Society. The Book Collector 67 no.1 (spring) 97-99.
  48. ^ "Jess". IMDb. 21 May 1912.
  49. ^ "Jess". IMDb. 18 February 1914.
  50. ^ "Heart and Soul". IMDb. 21 May 1917.
  51. ^ "The Stronger Passion". IMDb. 1 May 1921.
  52. ^ Journeys of Desire p.50
  53. ^ "Swallow". IMDb. 20 July 1922.
  54. ^ "Stella". IMDb. 1 January 2000.
  55. ^ "The Moon of Israel". IMDb. 24 October 1924.

Bibliography

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