HMS Vixen (1865)

Vixen (left) and the barque Nightwatch (right) at Bermuda Dockyard between 1867 and 1873
History
United Kingdom
Name	HMS Vixen
Ordered	22 March 1864[1]
Builder	Charles Lungley, Deptford[1]
Cost	£54,193[1]
Laid down	1864
Launched	18 November 1865[2]
Commissioned	1866
Fate	Sold at Bermuda in December 1895 Sunk as a blockship c.1896[3]
General characteristics
Displacement	1,228 tons[1]
Tons burthen	754 bm
Length	160 ft (49 m) pp
Beam	32 ft (9.8 m)[1]
Draught	11 ft (3.4 m) maximum[3]
Installed power	740 ihp (550 kW)
Propulsion	Two 2-cylinder horizontal single-expansion steam engines by Maudslay, Sons & Field Twin screws
Sail plan	Barquentine rig (removed 1873)
Speed	8.9 kn (16.5 km/h)[3]
Range	1,080 nmi (2,000 km) at maximum speed[3]
Complement	80
Armament	2 × 7-inch (6½-ton) muzzle-loading rifled guns 2 × RBL 20-pounder guns[1]
Armour	4.5 in (11 cm) iron belt and bulkheads on 10 in (25 cm) of teak

HMS Vixen was an armoured composite gunboat, the only ship of her class, and the third ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name. She was the first Royal Navy vessel to have twin propellers.

Designed by the Admiralty, Vixen was a half-sister to Viper and Waterwitch, and all three were built mostly as experimental vessels. While Viper and Vixen were twin screw vessels, Waterwitch had a water-pump propulsion system. Viper differed from Vixen mainly in her iron construction.

Vixen was an armoured gunboat of the breastwork type. Her hull was of composite construction, with iron frames and iron bulwarks, but with an outer cladding of 140 mm (5.5 in) teak over the entire hull.^[3] An armoured citadel protected her machinery and the ram bow was reinforced by massive ironwork structures.^[3] Underwater, her hull was sheathed in copper to prevent marine growth. Vertical trunks were provided at the stern to lift the screws clear of the hull, thereby allowing a better hull-form for purely wind-driven sailing.

She was equipped with two sets of 4-cylinder horizontal single-expansion steam engines, each set powering one of her two-bladed, 9 ft diameter Maudslay & Griffiths screws.^[3] In total she developed an indicated 740 horsepower, sufficient for a top speed of 8.9 knots (16.5 km/h).^[1] Steam was provided by two Maudslay iron fire-tube boilers with six furnaces.^[3]

She was equipped with a barquentine rig, but in 1873 all masts, rigging and upper deck obstructions were removed after the decision for Vixen and Viper to remain permanently in Bermuda.

Vixen was armed with two 7-inch (6½-ton) muzzle-loading rifled guns and two 20-pounder breech-loading rifled guns.^[1] One of Vixen or Viper's 7-inch guns was displayed on the waterfront at St George's as recently as 1991.^[3]

Vixen was ordered from Charles Lungley of Deptford on 22 March 1864^[1] and laid down the same year. She was launched on 18 November 1865 and commissioned in 1866 under Commander Spencer Phipps Brett for comparative trials. Her total cost was £54,193.^[1]

Vixen, Viper, and Waterwitch conducted comparative trials at Stokes Bay during the late 1860s.^[4] Although turning ability was impressive, none of the ships attained more than 9+1⁄2 knots (17.6 km/h) in an era when Warrior could achieve 14+1⁄2 knots (26.9 km/h).^[3] Furthermore, Vixen was nearly lost in the Irish Channel during a winter gale in 1876,^[3] making her unsuitable for the open sea under steam or sail. Vixen and Viper were towed to Bermuda in 1868 where they operated within the reefline as floating defensive batteries, extending the defences of the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda.

In July 1869, both ships were employed to bring the floating dock Bermuda from The Narrows to the dockyard,^[5] and in 1870, Vixen rescued a disabled barque.^[3] 1873 saw the loss of all rigging, masts and upperdeck equipment, and this must have helped her to survive the 1878 hurricane which caused serious damage to the floating dock and other dockyard facilities. In 1895, she was used as an accommodation hulk for dockyard labourers and in 1895 listed as 'to be sold' in the Navy List.

The Daniel's Head Channel Act (1887) had authorised the sinking of a blockship to close the channel, but the Hydrographer's Report of 1888 declared the approaches from that direction safe from attack. By December 1895, Vixen had been sold to a local scrap merchant. In 1896, Vice-Admiral James Erskine recommended the channel be covered by shore batteries against torpedo boat attack, and in order to make such boats pass close to Daniel's Head, Vixen was sunk in the channel, probably the same year.^[3]

Once her engines had been removed, she was placed across the Chubb Cut and massive scuttling charges were detonated. Her keel was broken, and she settled in her final resting place. Vixen now lies in 10 m (33 ft) of water about 0.2 nmi (0.37 km) offshore from Daniel's Head, at the west end of Bermuda. She lies in a narrow gap in the coral reef, with the bow just above water. She is well known locally and is often visited by glass-bottomed boats and divers, having become something of a tourist attraction.^[6][7][8][9] The wreck is visible on satellite imagery in position 32°18′21.31″N 64°53′7.88″W / 32.3059194°N 64.8855222°W / 32.3059194; -64.8855222.^[3]

In 1986, Professor Richard Gould began his investigation of the wreck with volunteers from EarthWatch and support from the Bermuda Maritime Museum. By 1988, they had amassed 13 weeks of diving at the site, and in 1991 Gould published "The Archaeology of HMS Vixen, an early ironclad ram in Bermuda" in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, giving a comprehensive account of the construction, history and fate of the ship.

• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
• Preston, Antony; Major, John (2007). Send a Gunboat: The Victorian Navy and Supremacy at Sea, 1854–1904 (2nd ed.). London: Conway. ISBN 978-0-85177-923-2.
• Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.

• The wreck of HMS Vixen at ShipWreckExpo, with photographs
• Satellite image of HMS Vixen's final resting place.