Heinrich Parler

Heinrich Parler the Elder Heinrich von Gemünd der Ältere
Holy Cross Minster, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany. Masterpiece of Heinrich Parler.
Born	c. 1310–1320 Cologne, Free City of the Holy Roman Empire
Died	c. 1370 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Roman Empire
Nationality	German
Occupation	Architect
Children	Johann Parler the Elder Michael Parler Peter Parler
Buildings	Holy Cross Minster Nuremberg Frauenkirche
Design	Late Gothic

Heinrich Parler the Elder (also Heinrich of Gmünd, German: Heinrich von Gemünd der Ältere; c. 1310 – c. 1370), was a German architect and sculptor. His masterpiece is Holy Cross Minster, an influential milestone of late Gothic architecture in the town of Schwäbisch Gmünd, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Parler also founded the Parler family of master builders and his descendants worked in various parts of central Europe, especially Bohemia. His son, Peter Parler, became one of the major architects of the Middle Ages. The family name is derived from the word Parlier, meaning "foreman".^[1]

Heinrich Parler was probably born in Cologne between 1300 and 1310, where his earliest known work was supervising the construction of Cologne Cathedral.^[2] He later lived and worked in Gmünd, an Imperial City (German: Reichsstädte) of the Holy Roman Empire.^[3]

Sometime around 1333, Parler was invited to become construction manager of the Holy Cross Minster (German: Heilig-Kreuz-Münster) in Gmünd.^[4] Construction had already begun in 1315 to replace an existing Romanesque church with a Gothic basilica form. He amended the plan of this new building and completed the nave as a hall church (German: Hallenkirche), the first of its kind in southern Germany.^[5] Rounded pillars with leaf wreath capitals, elongated tracery windows, and complex colored vaults are the first tangible evidence of his new style, which became even more pronounced with the laying of the foundation stone of the choir in 1351. His son Peter Parler (1333–1399) began working alongside him on the choir, designed as an ambulatory with chapels lying flat between the buttresses. The number of required internal support columns was therefore reduced and the aisles were built as tall as the nave, creating an expanded sense of space.^[6] Heinrich Parler was also responsible for experimental, more lifelike sculptures than had hitherto been created in previous churches.^[7] Holy Cross therefore marks an important milestone in late Gothic architecture and sculpture.^[8] Father and son did not live to see the consecration of the church, which took place in 1410. Work continued into the 16th century.^[9]

As was customary, Heinrich the Elder was also responsible for other construction sites in addition to Schwäbisch Gmünd. Although undocumented, he most likely designed the Frauenkirche, Nuremberg working with his son Peter. The relationship between the design of the church is strikingly close to the prototype of Holy Cross Minster. This comparison also applies to the choir of Augsburg Cathedral, begun in 1356.^[10] He may also have had a hand in the design of Ulm Minster, begun in 1366 and today the tallest church in the world,^[11] although his family members are more clearly documented as carrying forward the work.^[12]

Heinrich Parler's architectural style and contemporary sculptural designs were taken up by many other masons and further developed, ranking him as one of the most influential craftsman of the 14th century.^[13] What became known as the "Parler style" spread across central Europe and can be seen at St. Martin's Church, Landshut; St. Lorenz, Nuremberg; St. George's Minster, Dinkelsbühl; St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna; and numerous examples throughout the Hanseatic League from the Netherlands to Poland. Examples can also be found in Scandinavia, such as at St. Mary's, Helsingør, Denmark.^[14]

Heinrich Parler's son, Peter Parler, became one of the greatest architects of the Gothic era.^[15] Heinrich's eldest son, Johann Parler the Elder, worked as a builder in Zwettl and then at Basel Cathedral. Heinrich could have had a brother, the foreman Peter von Reutlingen, who presumably built the Marienkirche and the Nikolaikirche in Reutlingen, Germany.^[16]

• Campbell, Gordon (2009). The Grove encyclopedia of northern Renaissance art. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195334661.
• Kleiner, Fred (2017). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: the Western Perspective. Vol. 1. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305633940.
• Harvey, John (1969). The Gothic World, 1100–1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. London: B. T. Batsford.
• Oggins, Robin (1996). Cathedrals. New York, NY: MetroBooks. ISBN 9781567993462.
• Klemm, Alfred (1887), "Parler", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 25, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 177–182
• McLachlan, Gordon (2004). The rough guide to Germany. New York: Rough Guides. ISBN 9781843532934.
• Pinkus, Assaf (2014). Sculpting simulacra in medieval Germany, 1250–1380. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. ISBN 9781472422651.
• Schock-Werner, Barbara (2001), "Parler, Heinrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 70–71; (full text online)
• Yarwood, Doreen (2010). A chronology of Western Architecture. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486476483.

• Bork, Robert (2011). The Geometry of Creation : Architectural Drawing and the Dynamics of Gothic Design. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754660620.
• Lange, Joseph (1980). "Die Quirinusskulptur von Heinrich Parler am Petersportal des Kölner Domes." Neusser Jahrbuch für Kunst, Kulturgeschichte und Heimatkunde (in German). 1980, pp. 31–36.
• Hlobil, Ivo (1997). "Heinrich IV. Parler und der Parlier Henrich. Die Rechnungsbücher des Veitsdoms in Prag beziehen sich auf den Parlier Heinrich, nicht auf Heinrich Parler." Umení. (in German), 45 1997, pp. 141–152.
• Nussbaum, Norbert (2000). German Gothic Church Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300083217.
• Pinkus, Assaf (2008). "The Parler School of Southwestern Germany. A reconsideration of fourteenth-century workshops and mass-sculpture." Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins für Kunstwissenschaft (in German). 61 (2008), pp. 49–80.
• Schurr, Marc Carel. (2004). Parlerbauten – Architektur, Skulptur, Restaurierung: Internationales Parler-Symposium, Schwäbisch Gmünd, 17.-19. Juli 2001 (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 29–38. ISBN 9783806218824.
• Schmidt, Gerhard (1970). "Peter Parler und Heinrich IV. Parler als Bildhauer." Wiener Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte (in German). 23(1). pp. 108–153. ISSN (Online) 2307–2962, ISSN (Print) 0083-9981, doi:10.7767/wjk.1970.23.1.108.

• Münsterbauverein e.V., foundation which supports conservation of the Holy Cross Minster (in German).
• Heilig-Kreuz-Münster at the official website of the city of Schwäbisch Gmünd (in German).
• Minister of the Holy Cross Schwäbisch-Gmünd at Stuttgart Regional Tourist website (in English).