Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham

The Right Honourable The Earl of Nottingham PC
The Earl of Nottingham by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt, c. 1680
Lord Chancellor
In office 1675–1682
Preceded by	The Earl of Shaftesbury
Succeeded by	Sir Francis North
Lord Keeper
In office 1673–1675
Preceded by	The Earl of Shaftesbury
Succeeded by	Sir Francis North
Attorney General
In office 1670–1673
Preceded by	Sir Geoffrey Palmer, Bt
Succeeded by	Sir Francis North
Solicitor General
In office 1660–1670
Preceded by	William Ellis
Succeeded by	Sir Edward Turnour
Member of Parliament for Oxford University
In office 1661–1674 Serving with Laurence Hyde
Preceded by	Thomas Clayton John Mylles
Succeeded by	Laurence Hyde Thomas Thynne
Member of Parliament for Canterbury
In office 1660–1660 Serving with Sir Anthony Aucher
Preceded by	Sir Edward Master John Nutt
Succeeded by	Francis Lovelace Sir Edward Master
Personal details
Born	Heneage Finch (1620-12-23)23 December 1620 Eastwell, Kent
Died	18 December 1682(1682-12-18) (aged 61) Great Queen Street, London
Spouse	Elizabeth Harvey ​ ​ (after 1646)​
Parent(s)	Sir Heneage Finch Frances Bell Finch
Education	Westminster School
Alma mater	Christ Church, Oxford

Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, PC (23 December 1620 – 18 December 1682), Lord Chancellor of England, was descended from the old family of Finch, many of whose members had attained high legal eminence, and was the eldest son of Sir Heneage Finch, Recorder of London, by his first wife Frances Bell, daughter of Sir Edmond Bell of Beaupre Hall, Norfolk.^[1]

In the register of Oxford University, he is entered as born in Kent, and probably at the Finch ancestral seat Eastwell Park in that county. He was the son of Sir Heneage Finch, younger son of Sir Moyle Finch, 1st Baronet and Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea (née Heneage).

He was educated at Westminster and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he remained until he became a member of the Inner Temple in 1638. He was called to the bar in 1645, and soon obtained a lucrative practice.^[1]

In April 1660, he was elected Member of Parliament for Canterbury and Mitchell in the Convention Parliament and chose to sit for Canterbury.^[2] Shortly afterwards he was appointed Solicitor General, in which capacity he served as the prosecutor of the regicides of Charles I, and was created a baronet the day after he was knighted. In May 1661 he was elected MP for Oxford University in the Cavalier Parliament.^[2] In 1665 the university created him a D.C.L. In 1670 he became Attorney General, and in 1675 Lord Chancellor. He was created Baron Finch in January 1673 and Earl of Nottingham in May 1681.^[3]

During the Popish Plot, he played an active part in the interrogation of witnesses and preparation of the Crown's evidence. He is said to have been sceptical about the credibility of much of the evidence, and drew up a private report referring to the difficulties with Titus Oates' testimony.^[4] In general he behaved with moderation and restraint during the Plot, as shown most notably in his impartial conduct, as Lord High Steward, of the trial of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, (apart from a curious remark that it was now clear that the Great Fire of London was a Catholic conspiracy).^[5] Kenyon notes that during the examination of the informer Miles Prance, Finch threatened him with the rack,^[6] but such a lapse was most uncharacteristic of Finch, who was a humane and civilised man; in any case, the threat could hardly have been serious since the use of the rack had been declared illegal in 1628.

The original early 17th-century building was constructed in the village of Kensington as Nottingham House for the Earl of Nottingham. It was acquired from his heir, who was Secretary of State to William III, in 1689, because the King wanted a residence near London but away from the smoky air of the capital, because he was asthmatic. At that time Kensington was a suburban village location outside London, but more accessible than Hampton Court, a water journey on the Thames. A private road was laid out from the Palace to Hyde Park Corner, broad enough for several carriages to travel abreast, part of which survives today as Rotten Row. The Palace was improved and extended by Sir Christopher Wren with pavilions attached to each corner of the central block, for it now needed paired Royal Apartments approached by the Great Stairs, a council chamber, and the Chapel Royal. Then, when Wren re-oriented the house to face west, he built north and south wings to flank the approach, made into a proper cour d'honneur that was entered through an archway surmounted by a clock tower. Nevertheless, as a private domestic retreat, it was referred to as Kensington House, rather than "Palace". The walled kitchen gardens at Kensington House supplied fruits and vegetables for the Court of St. James's.^[7]

On 30 July 1646, he was married to Elizabeth Harvey, daughter of William Harvey's younger brother Daniel, and his wife Elizabeth Kinnersley.^[8] Together, Elizabeth and Heneage were the parents of six children, including:^[9]

• Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham (1647–1730), who married Lady Essex Rich.^[10]
• Margaret Finch (1648–1700), who married Denis MacCarthy of the MacCarthy Reagh.^[8]
• Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford (c. 1649–1719), who had a distinguished career as a lawyer and politician and was Solicitor General 1679–86.^[11]
• Elizabeth Finch (1650–1675), who married Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet.^[8]
• William Finch^[8]
• Charles Finch^[12]

Lord Nottingham died in Great Queen Street, London on 18 December 1682. He was buried in the church of Ravenstone in Buckinghamshire. His son Daniel inherited his earldom, and would later also inherit the Earldom of Winchilsea.^[10]

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, his contemporaries on both sides of politics agree in their high estimate of his integrity, moderation and eloquence, while his abilities as a lawyer are sufficiently attested by the fact that he is still spoken of as the father of equity. His most important contribution to the statute book is The Statute of Frauds. While attorney-general he superintended the edition of Sir Henry Hobart's Reports (1671). He also published Several Speeches and Discourses in the Tryal of the Judges of King Charles 1. (1660); Speeches to both Houses of Parliament (1679); Speech at the Sentence of Viscount Stafford (1680). He left Chancery Reports in MS., and notes on Coke's Institutes.^[13]

• 
  Arms of Finch: Argent, a chevron between three griffins passant sable
• 
  His daughter Elizabeth (Peter Lely)

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nottingham, Earls of s.v. Heneage Finch". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 824–825.

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• Hutchinson, John (1892). "Heneage Finch" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 45–46.