Hernán Pérez de Quesada

Hernán Pérez de Quesada
Hernán, as Spanish conquistador, wore an armoured uniform
Born	c. 1515 Granada, Castile
Died	1544 Cabo de la Vela, New Kingdom of Granada
Cause of death	Lightning strike
Nationality	Castilian
Occupation	Conquistador
Years active	1536–1542
Employer	Spanish Crown
Known for	Spanish conquest of the Muisca Quest for El Dorado
Title	Governor of New Kingdom of Granada
Term	1539–1542
Predecessor	Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (1538–1539)
Successor	Luis Alonso de Lugo (1542–1544)
Criminal charge(s)	• Mistreatment of indigenous people • Murders of Tisquesusa, Sagipa & Aquiminzaque
Parents	Luís Jiménez de Quesada (father) Isabel de Rivera Quesada (mother)
Relatives	Gonzalo Jiménez (brother) Francisco Jiménez (brother) Melchor Jiménez (brother) Andrea Ximénez (sister) Catalina Magdalena (sister) Isabel de Quesada (half-sister)
Notes
[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Hernán Pérez de Quesada, sometimes spelled as Quezada,^[7] (c. 1515 – 1544) was a Spanish conquistador. Second in command of the army of his elder brother, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Hernán was part of the first European expedition towards the inner highlands of the Colombian Andes. The harsh journey, taking almost a year and many deaths, led through the modern departments Magdalena, Cesar, Santander, Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Huila of present-day Colombia between 1536 and 1539 and, without him, Meta, Caquetá and Putumayo of Colombia and northern Peru and Ecuador between 1540 and 1542.

Hernán founded Sutatausa, Cundinamarca, and aided in the conquest of various indigenous groups, such as the Chimila, Muisca, Panche, Lache, U'wa, Sutagao and others. Under the command of Hernán Pérez de Quesada the last independent Muisca ruler; hoa Quiminza was publicly decapitated. As second in command under his brother, in the previous years psihipquias Tisquesusa and Sagipa and Tundama of Duitama had suffered a similar fate. After returning from his expeditions to the south reaching Quito, where he reunited with his younger brother Francisco, both De Quesadas went back to Santafé de Bogotá. Hernán was tried and imprisoned there for the murders of the Muisca rulers by the governor of the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada. In 1544, en route to Cartagena with his brother Francisco, their ship was hit by lightning off the coast of Cabo de la Vela in the Caribbean Sea killing Hernán and Francisco and wounding several other conquistadors.

Knowledge of the life and expeditions of Hernán Pérez de Quesada has been provided by his brother Gonzalo and scholars Pedro de Aguado, Juan Freyle, Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, Joaquín Acosta and Liborio Zerda.^{[8][9][10][11][12][13]}

Hernán Pérez de Quesada was born around the year 1512 in the Andalusian city of Granada as second son of Gonzalo Jiménez and Isabel Jiménez de Quesada.^[1][2][3] His family was Catholic, but descended from marranos (Sephardi Jews).^[14] His elder brother was conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez and he had four other siblings; brother Melchor, Francisco, who also was conquistador in Peru, and sisters Magdalena de Quesada and Andrea Ximénez de Quesada.^[3][4][5] Hernán also had a half-sister; Isabel de Quesada.^[6] In 1535, arriving early 1536, the brothers Gonzalo, Francisco and Hernán sailed from Spain to Santa Marta, one of the first cities founded in modern-day Colombia, by Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1525.

The first indigenous group that was submitted to the Spanish Crown were the Tairona, who inhabit the area around Santa Marta, presently living on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and in Tayrona Park. On April 6, 1536, triggered by the stories of the mythical "City of Gold" El Dorado, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada organised two groups of conquistadors towards the inner highlands of the Colombian Andes, as first European explorers.^[3] The army with the brothers De Quesada and more than 700 soldiers and 80 horses went over land and another, of more than 200 men, embarked in boats and ascended the Magdalena River from Ciénaga, in search of its origin. The list of the soldiers that eventually made it to Funza has been compiled by Juan Florez de Ocáriz (1612–1692).^[15] The land army was led by Gonzalo with Hernán second in command.^[16] The first indigenous group conquered, were the Chimila people. Continuing south, the troops had to cross inhospitable terrains full of creeks and part of their supplies and equipment was lost when crossing the Ariguaní River.^[17]

The troops led by the De Quesadas passed through among other settlements Tamalameque, Barrancabermeja and Chipatá where the Spanish for the first time learnt to drink chicha, the fermented alcoholic beverage of the Muisca. The almost-naked conquistadors who suffered from the difficult expedition through the jungles received cotton mantles from the Muisca people in Chipatá. The expedition passed through halted in Chía where they spent the Holy Week. After that week in April 1537, he ordered his men towards Funza, the site of the domain of the zipa. Although the army of the brothers De Quesada was reduced to 170 men, the hundreds of guecha warriors couldn't resist their superior arms and were defeated. In the meantime, zipa Tisquesusa sent messengers to the caciques in the Muisca Confederation to inform them of the arrival of the light-skinned heavily armed men. The caciques considered the invaders sacred and didn't dare to attack them.^[17] Funza was conquered and founded on April 20, 1537.^[18] Of the more than 900 soldiers who left Santa Marta a year earlier, only 162 survived the harsh expedition.^[15]

On the same day that his brother Gonzalo founded Tenza, June 24, 1537, Hernán founded Sutatausa.^[19]

Name	Department	Date	Year	Notes	Map
Sutatausa	Cundinamarca	24 June	1537	[19]

At the start of 1538, when the troops were exhausted after almost two years in foreign terrain, the soldiers asked what was their payment for the conquest they had done. De Quesada divided the conquered treasures over his men; 40,000 pieces of fine gold, 562 emeralds and tumbaga (gold-copper-silver alloys). Foot soldiers received 520 pieces each, horse riders the double amount, captains 2080 pieces, generals 3640 and some pieces were given as prizes for the most distinguished soldiers. Masses were organised to honour the many dead soldiers during the campaign and part of the treasure was given to Juan de las Casas. De Quesada was not pleased to hear about the advancement of another group of conquistadors in the east, led by Nikolaus Federmann, coming from later Venezuela across the Llanos Orientales. Another team of conquerors, commanded by Sebastián de Belalcázar, was coming from the south, originating from Quito. Gonzalo sent Hernán to meet the southern group who had traveled through the hot valley of Neiva.^[17] Hernán ordered the decapitation of Aquiminzaque, the last zaque of Hunza in late 1538.^[20]

One and a half year after the victory of the conquistadors on Tisquesusa, in the area of Teusaquillo, the modern capital of Colombia was founded. Although some historians set the date at April 27, 1539, the common and celebrated date of foundation is August 6, 1538. The foundation was performed by the construction of 12 houses of reed, referring to the Twelve Apostles, and the construction of a preliminary church, also of reed. Father Juan de las Casas held his first mass in the improvised church. The city was named Santafé de Bogotá, a combination of the Spanish city of Santa Fe and the Chibcha name of the southern Muisca capital Bacatá, meaning "Enclosure outside of the farmfields".^[21] The newly established country, part of the Spanish Empire was called New Kingdom of Granada, after the place of birth of the brothers De Quesada in Andalusia; Kingdom of Granada.^[17]

The three leaders of the conquest expeditions; Gonzalo de Quesada, Nikolaus Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar, met in Bosa and agreed to travel back to Spain to ask for compensation for their exploration for the Spanish Crown. Gonzalo assigned Hernán as interim governor of the New Kingdom and chose the first mayor and council for the capital. The chaplain of the team of Federmann, Juan Verdejo, was named priest. Most of the soldiers of the expeditions of Federmann and De Belalcázar decided to stay in Bogotá, reinforcing the troops of De Quesada. Without having found El Dorado, three years after his departure from Santa Marta, in mid May 1539, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada returned to the Caribbean coast, to sail to Spain from Cartagena.^[17]

In his search for El Dorado, Hernán explored the departments of Tolima and Huila.^[1] Hernán Pérez de Quesada was only one of many explorers in the search for El Dorado.^[22] After the destruction and looting of the Sun Temple in Sogamoso in September 1537, Hernán Pérez thought there was an even bigger place where the indigenous people hid their gold, called "La Casa del Sol". In his quest, starting from Sogamoso along the right banks of the Chicamocha River, he approached with a hundred men the terrain of the Lache and entered Jericó, at that time called Cheva, where he and his troops gathered the food of the original inhabitants who promptly fled to Chita.^[23]

The city of Tunja, in the times of the Muisca called Hunza, was founded on 1541 by Gonzalo Suárez Rendón in an expedition ordered by Hernán de Quesada.^[24] In July 1541, the Chapter of Tunja told De Quesada that he couldn't leave his empire alone. Hernán responded that "whatever he did, was in the interest of the Spanish Crown".^[25]

Later in 1541, Hernán Pérez de Quesada went northward towards the later department of Norte de Santander, where he crossed Panqueba, Guacamayas, El Cocuy and Chita, and reached Chinácota but had to return soon after that.^[26][27] Soldiers of his army submitted the U'wa living in El Cocuy.^[28]

On his southern expedition in the same year, Hernán Pérez de Quesada was the first European to reach the southeastern Colombian departments of Caquetá and Putumayo.^[24] One of his soldiers, Lázaro Fonte, the lover of Zoratama, died due to the natural dangers of the jungle.^[29]

Name	Department	Date	Year	Notes	Map
Motavita	Boyacá		1540	[7]
Sasaima	Cundinamarca	Early	1540	[30]
Bituima	Cundinamarca		1540	[31]
Nimaima	Cundinamarca		1540	[32]
Sativasur	Boyacá		1540	[33]
Jericó	Boyacá		1540	[34]
Guacamayas	Boyacá		1540	[35]
Chiscas	Boyacá		1540	[36]
Chita	Boyacá		1540	[35]
Panqueba	Boyacá		1540	[35]
Güicán	Boyacá		1540	[37]
El Cocuy	Boyacá		1540	[35][38]
Pasca	Cundinamarca	Early September	1540	[9]
Nevado del Sumapaz	Cundinamarca		1540
San Martín	Meta		1540	[39]
Florencia	Caquetá		1540	[40]
San José de la Fragua	Caquetá		1540	[9]
Mocoa	Putumayo		1540–41	[9]
Sibundoy	Putumayo		1541	[9]
Popayán	Cauca		1541	[9]
Cali	Valle del Cauca		1541	[41]
Quito	Pichincha		1542

De Quesada reached Peru with an army of 500 men having failed to find the mythical El Dorado.^[25] In 1542 he reached the Kingdom of Quito where he joined his brother Francisco.^[16] The brothers returned to Bogotá, where Hernán was tried and imprisoned by Luis Alonso de Lugo, the new governor of the capital, for his mistreatment of the indigenous peoples and the murders of Saymoso, Quiminza, Tisquesusa and Sagipa. In 1544 Hernán and Francisco embarked on a ship from Santo Domingo to Cartagena. Lightning struck the ship off the coast of Cabo de la Vela; both brothers died along with several other conquistadors and the Bishop of Santa Marta, friar Martín de Calatayud.^[1]

• List of conquistadors in Colombia
• Spanish conquest of the Muisca
• El Dorado
• Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada

• Acosta, Joaquín (1848), Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto - Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century, Paris: Beau Press, pp. 1–460, OCLC 23030434, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Rodríguez Freyle, Juan; Achury Valenzuela, Darío (1979) [1859 (1638)], El Carnero - Conquista i descubrimiento del nuevo reino de Granada de las Indias Occidentales del mar oceano, i fundacion de la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogota (PDF) (in Spanish), Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch, pp. 1–598, retrieved 2016-11-21
• Kupchick, Christian (2008), La leyenda de El Dorado y otros mitos del Descubrimiento de América: La auténtica historia de la búsqueda de riquezas y reinos fabulosos en el Nuevo Mundo (in Spanish), Ediciones Nowtilus S.L, pp. 1–304, ISBN 9788497635646, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Ocampo López, Javier (1996), Leyendas populares colombianas - Popular Colombian legends (in Spanish), Plaza y Janes Editores, pp. 1–384, ISBN 9789581402670, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Zerda, Liborio (1947) [1883], El Dorado (PDF) (in Spanish), archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-07, retrieved 2016-07-08