Het verjaagde water

Het verjaagde water
Inside cover of the first English translation by June Barrows Mussey (Henry Hay), published as Roll back the sea by Simon and Schuster in 1948
AuthorA. den Doolaard
LanguageDutch
GenreNon-fiction novel
PublisherN.V. Em. Querido Uitgeversmaatschappij, Amsterdam
Publication date
1947
Publication placeNetherlands
Media typeHardback
Pages526 pages

Het verjaagde water (The chased water) is a 1947 Dutch non-fiction novel written by A. den Doolaard, which gives an account of the recovery works to repair dike breaches after the October 1944 Inundation of Walcheren as part of operations by The Allies of World War II during Operation Infatuate. Researchers from Delft University of Technology have found high levels of historical accuracy in den Doolaard's descriptions of the events that took place, the methods used to close the dikes and the key people involved. Den Doolaard assigned pseudonyms to most of the main characters and organisations.[1] The name A. den Doolaard is also a pseudonym, the author’s real name being Cornelis Johannes George Spoelstra Jr.[2]

Context

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In October 1944, several dikes surrounding the Dutch island of Walcheren were bombed by the Allies at strategic locations including Westkapelle, Vlissingen, and Fort Rammekens in order to deliberately flood the island. The bombings created major gaps in the dikes at four primary locations, breaching the coastal defences against The North Sea and allowing seawater to flow unchecked into inhabited areas of land. Whilst the bombings achieved the immediate military objective of forcing a retreat of the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who had used Walcheren to control the Western Scheldt and access to The Port of Antwerp, the subsequent flooding caused by the breaches had profound effects on the island infrastructure and local population.[3][4][5]

The novel describes the subsequent efforts to repair the breaches in the dikes and reclaim Walcheren from the sea. The works were completed by a number of Dutch contractors, including some contractors from the Maatschappij tot Uitvoering van Zuiderzeewerken who had gained appropriate previous experience whilst constructing the Zuiderzee works.[6]

Difficulties in commencing the rehabilitation works included the fact that many dredgers were still located in areas of the occupied Netherlands, and around 25% of the Dutch dredging fleet had been confiscated and transported to Germany.[7] Works at the main breach locations were divided up between four contractors[8] as shown in the table below.

Contractors appointed to the Walcheren reclamation works
Dike breach site Contractor
The Nolledijk Bos en Kalis
Westkapelle Hollandse Aanneming Maatschappij (HAM)
Veere Adriaan Volker
Rammekens Van Hattum en Blankevoort

By October 1945, the contractors and Rijkswaterstaat had managed to assemble a fleet of 14 suction dredgers and bucket dredgers, 135 barges, 61 tugboats, 73 landing craft, 19 floating cranes, 52 bulldozers and draglines along with motor vehicles and other equipment.[9] Difficulties in sourcing adequate materials and the sheer scale of the works during an emergency wartime situation led to innovative use of improvised materials and equipment, such as the Phoenix caissons used in the closure of the dike gaps, which had previously been used as Mulberry harbours during the Allied invasion of Normandy.[10] Den Doolaard describes the initial reluctance of some of the contractors to use these units; however, their implementation was so successful that similar units would later be used on the closure of the Brielse Maasdam in 1950 and the Braakman in 1952.[8]

Den Doolaard drew on his experiences as a liaison officer with the Dienst Droogmaking Walcheren (Service for Reclamation of Walcheren) to write the novel.[11][12]

A. Den Doolaard (Cornelis Johannes George Spoelstra Jr.) pictured at the works to close the Nolle dike gap in Vlissingen in 1945.

Editions

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The original Dutch edition of Het verjaagde water appeared in 1947, published by Em. Querido's Uitgeverij in Amsterdam. It was reprinted in 1958 by the same publisher. An updated edition with annotations by Professor K. d'Angremond and GJ Schiereck was published by Delft Academic Press in 2001. The book has also been translated into a number of languages, including German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Serbian, French, Czech and Hungarian.[13]

Cover page of the 2001 Dutch edition, which was published with annotations by Professor K. d'Angremond and G.J. Schiereck of Delft University of Technology

An English translation entitled Roll back the sea by June Barrows Mussey, with original illustrations by Cees Bantzinger [nl], was published in New York in 1948 by Simon and Schuster and in London and Melbourne in 1949 by Heinemann (publisher).[14]

Content

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Both the original 1947 publication and the subsequent 1948 English translation by Barrows Mussey consist of five books and twenty-five chapters. The table below gives the title of each chapter, from both the Dutch and English versions.

Books and chapters in Het verjaagde water/Roll back the sea
Book (Chapter) 1947 Dutch edition (Het verjaagde water) 1948 English translation (Roll back the sea)
1 (1) De watertovenaars The water wizards
1 (2) Zuidzee en Noordzee South Sea and North Sea
1 (3) Het water komt The water comes
1 (4) De preek The sermon
1 (5) Het spookeiland The ghost islands
1 (6) Doen of niet doen? To do or not to do
2 (7) Wie een boot heeft, heeft de wereld The man that has a boat has the world
2 (8) Van Hummel's zwarte boekje Van Hummel's little black book
2 (9) Anton Hijnssen gaat uit roeien Anton Hynssen goes rowing
2 (10) Van Hummel's zwarte boekje (ii) Van Hummel's little black book II
2 (11) De baggervloot vaart uit The dredging fleet puts out
2 (12) De rijswerkers The fascine workers
3 (13) Walcheren omhoog Up with Walcheren!
3 (14) Klei tegen water Clay against water
3 (15) Kraan zeven Crane 7
3 (16) Beton tegen klei Concrete against clay
3 (17) Anton Hijnssen verovert Vlissingen Anton Hynssen conquers Flushing
4 (18) Westkapelle Westkapelle
4 (19) De scharesliep The joker with the idea
4 (20) De brug over de afgrond The bridge over the chasm
5 (21) De vuist van de reus The giant's fist
5 (22) Het water loopt weg The water runs away
5 (23) Het boze gat van Rammekens The wicked gap at Rammekens
5 (24) Phoenix Phoenix
5 (25) De eeuwige strijd The everlasting battle

Barrows Mussey's 1948 English translation uses literal translations of each chapter from the original Dutch, with the exception of chapter 19 which uses The joker with the idea as a translation of the Dutch term de scharesliep, a term used to describe a peddler tradesperson who sharpens knives. Den Doolaard uses scharesliep in a pejorative sense.[15] The chapter title refers to the character Berend Bonkelaar's use of the term to express his incredulity at a particular method put forward for carrying out the dike repair works by an officer of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.

In chapters 9 and 17, Anton Hijnssen's surname is translated as Hynssen, with the Dutch IJ (digraph) being anglicised to Y.[16]

Historical accuracy

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J.J. 'Kobus' Kalis, director and part owner of the Bos & Kalis company, photographed by den Doolaard. In the novel, the character of Berend Bonkelaar is based on Kalis.
Professor P. Ph. Jansen (van Hummel).
Den Doolaard at the closure of the Nolledijk.

For the 2001 reissue of the book, professor Kees D'Angremond and his colleague Gerrit-Jan Schiereck from Delft University of Technology undertook eight years of research around the characters in the book and the events described in it, with two of their graduate students investigating the accuracy of den Doolaard's representation of the technical aspects of the Walcheren reclamation.[17] Their findings were included as annotations in the book and confirmed the high levels of accuracy in den Doolaard's descriptions of the people, events and technical aspects of the hydraulic engineering methods implemented, including the use of caissons, Phoenix breakwaters and torpedo nets.[18]

The true identities of many of the characters in the novel were revealed by the research, with biographical details added as appendices to the 2001 edition. The characters included den Doolard's depiction of protagonists such as the distinguished civil engineer and professor, Pieter Philippus Jansen[19] (represented by the character Van Hummel), many senior Rijkswaterstaat officials, the charismatic dredging boss Berend Bonkelaar (den Doolaard's pseudonym for J.J. 'Kobus' Kalis,[20] a founding director of the Boskalis company),[21] and Klaas Otterkop, the pseudonym of fascine mattress construction foreman Gerrit Visser of Gebroeders Van Oord, who supervised the installation of 36 fascine mattresses over a total area of 52,700 square metres during the work.[8]

The table below provides information on many of the characters and organisations in the novel arising from d'Angremond and Schiereck's research.

Identities of the real-life characters and organisations in the novel
Name in the novel Real name Note
Berend Bonkelaar Jacobus Johannis (J.J.) Kalis (Kobus Kalis) Director and part owner of the Bos & Kalis dredging company.
Dankers J.A.A. Mol Supervisor for the water board of Walcheren.
Destrooper Ackermans & van Haaren Belgian contractor.

In the novel, they sign a contract to provide a bucket dredger early in the works, which van Hummel laments is subsequently delayed for lack of a tugboat.

Brigadier Fowles Brigadier E.E. Read CBE MC Senior officer with SHAEF.[22]
Glimmelmans W. Metzelaar Became a member of the Public Relations staff at Rijkswaterstaat.
Goedemans B. van Schijndel Supervisor at Rijkswaterstaat.
Guldental ir. Johann Pieter Adolf (J.P.A.) van Scherpenberg Engineer at the contractor Van Hattum & Blankevoort, who worked also with the consortium of contractors who built the Zuiderzee Works known as Maatschappij tot Uitvoering van Zuiderzeewerken (MUZ), (English: Society for the implementation of the Zuiderzee works).
Jongbloed G.P. Sturm Representative of the water board of Walcheren.
Hermsen Steehouwer Assistant contractor.
Anton Hynssen (Hijnnsen) H. Onderddijk Chairman of the Commissie Walcheren moet droog (Dry Walcheren Committee).
Heikes Don Vicar in Westkapelle.
Klagemans Gerardus Adrianus (G.A.) van Hattem Worked for the contractor Hollandsche Aannemings Maatschappij (HAM), gaining experience with harbour caissons and later became a director of the company. In charge of the dike closure works in Westkapelle.
Lorenz ir. Cornelis Josephus (C.J.) Witteveen Graduated from the Technische Hogeschool Delft in 1905. Between 1914 and 1919 he was the Director of Public Works in Suriname. From 1933 until 1948, he was Director of Rijkswaterstaat in Limburg, overseeing works on the Juliana Canal and the canalization of The Meuse.
The Mathematician Jo Johannis Dronkers A mathematician who devised methods for calculating tides and tidal currents in sea inlets and estuaries. His 1964 paper Tidal computations in rivers and coastal waters is regarded as a standard work in the theory of tidal calculations.[23] His work became the mathematical basis for the design of the Delta Works.

In the original Dutch edition of the novel, Dronkers’ character is represented by the pseudonym ‘de Rekenmeester’. In the English translations of the novel, he is referred to as the "mathematician from The Hague, a doctor of science" whose calculations help support the decision on the order of dike closures.

Maartje & Klaartje Martina and Wilhelmina de Vos Evacuees from Westkapelle.
Naerebout Ir. M.A. van Noorden Civil engineer, who worked in the Netherlands with HAM before becoming a director of the company in South Africa.
Notekauwer N.N. Dijkstra After Walcheren, he became involved in the Delta Works.
Onrust ir. G. van der Rest Civil Engineer at Boskalis, with whom he was working in Abidjan when World War II broke out. In 1945 he was summoned by the Dutch Government in exile to the Dutch Ministry of Public Works in London.
Klaas Otterkop Gerrit Visser Foreman for Gebroeders Van Oord, supervising installation of fascine mattresses at Walcheren.
Rafelding Ir. Herman Arend (H.A.) Ferguson Employee of Rijkswaterstaat. After Walcheren, he became head of the Rijkswaterstaat research department in Vlissingen. He was subsequently appointed Director of Deltadienst, the Rijkswaterstaat department which designed and supervised the Delta Works.
Rens Lous Cook in the canteen at Westkapelle.
Roberts Captain Ily Military Captain with SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force), under the command of Major Allan Beckett.
Rommel J. Jonker Supervisor for Rijkswaterstaat.
Roosje B. van Groot Trainee from the technical school in Dordrecht.
Rossiger D.J. Blom Rijkswaterstaat supervisor.
Scherp A. Smit Jr. Director of the De Schelde shipyard in Vlissingen, and military captain.
Schoonebloem Pieter Abraham van de Velde [nl] Worked in the tidal rivers section of Rijkswaterstaat from 1938. After Walcheren, he was involved in repair works to dikes in The Netherlands after The North Sea flood of 1953. He made major contributions to the Delta Works. In 1966, he succeeded P. Ph. Jansen as Professor of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology.
Smit Dirk Pijl Harbourmaster from Vlissingen, later employed by Boskalis.
Steengracht ir. de Lindt Engineer with Hollandse Aanneming Maatschappij (HAM).
(Kapitein) Tazelaar P. Bakkeren Tug boat captain in Rotterdam.
Teuntje Mrs. Nel Berghuis Wife of J.J. 'Kobus' Kalis.
(Gebroeders) van Buuren Van Oord (Brothers) Family who owned different companies based in Werkendam, the predecessors of the modern Van Oord company. They were mainly involved in bed protection works such as fascine mattresses.
Van der Molen Jo Thijsse Director of the Waterloopkundig Laboratorium, and from 1936 a professor at Delft University of Technology.
Kees van der Stoep C.J. (Gommert) Visser Construction foreman with Bos & Kalis.
Van Hengel A. van Toor Supervisor at Rijkswaterstaat.
Van Hummel Professor Ir. Pieter Philippus (P.Ph.) Jansen Worked after graduation for Rijkswaterstaat, mainly in river works. Became head of the Dienst Droogmaking Walcheren (the Service for the Reclamation of Walcheren, the temporary department of Rijkswaterstaat for the Walcheren closures). He was Professor of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology from 1946 until 1966 when he was succeeded by P.A. van de Velde. Amongst other publications, he was a contributing editor to a major book on river engineering.[24]
Irma van Hummel Mrs. I.L. Jansen-Mustert Wife of professor P.Ph. Jansen.
Jolanda van Hummel Mrs. J.I. Zeper-Jansen Daughter of professor P.Ph. Jansen.
Irma van Hummel Ms. I.P. Jansen Daughter of professor P.Ph. Jansen.
Van Noorden De Moor Machine operator, Vlissingen harbour.
Van Regteren C. van Westen Banker in Middelburg, treasurer of the Commissie Walcheren moet droog (Dry Walcheren Committee).
Van Roffel R. van der Pol Supervisor at Rijkswaterstaat.
Van Zeurzeutel Egbertus Dingeman (E.D.) Kalis (Bertus Kalis) Director and part owner of the Bos & Kalis dredging company. He was working in the United Kingdom during World War II, and therefore formally dismissed from the company in 1940 to avoid problems with the occupying German forces in the Netherlands.
Wappervaan ir. J.H. Verheij Worked for Rijkswaterstaat from 1928, after Walcheren he became a representative of the Netherlands in the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
Waterschoot Ir. N. Biezeveld Worked for a contractor in the Dutch East Indies until 1939, then from 1940 with Rijkswaterstaat. Was at Walcheren between 1944 and 1946, thereafter he worked on the closure of The Brielse Maasdam, The Botlek, The Braakman and the Delta Works.
Major Young Allan Beckett MBE Civil Engineer with the Royal Engineers, in Walcheren with SHAEF. His memoirs provided further corroboration of the accuracy of den Doolaard's book.[25]
Ziftelaar J.M. de Haas Financial administrator for Rijkswaterstaat, which he joined in 1933.

Bibliography

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  • Het verjaagde water (1947) Netherlands: Em. Querido's Uitgeverij, Amsterdam.
--- (1958) Em. Querido's Uitgeverij, Amsterdam.
--- (2001) VSSD/Delft Academic Press, with new research and annotations by Prof. ir. K. d'Angremond and ir. G.J. Schiereck.

Selected editions in translation

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  • Roll back the sea (1948) United States: Simon and Schuster, New York. Translated by Barrows Mussey.
  • Det beeegrade havet (English: The besieged sea) (1948) Sweden: av Buster Nyström. Translated by Sauna Fultor.[26]
  • Besiegtes Wasser Roman (English: Defeated water) (1949) Switzerland: Amerbach-Verl, Basel. Translated by Irma Silzer.[27]
  • Spoutaná voda (English: Tamed water) (1964) Czechoslovakia: Lidová demokracie, Prague.[28]
  • Akik a tengerrel csatáznak (English: Those who battle with the sea) (1981) Hungary: Európa, Budapest. Translated by Vámosi Pál.[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ den Doolaard, A.; d' Angremond, K.; Schiereck, G.J (2001). Het verjaagde water [Roll back the sea] (in Dutch). Delft: VSSD/Delft Academic Press. ISBN 9789065624116. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  2. ^ Dronken van het leven : A. den Doolaard, zwerver, schrijver, journalist / Hans Olink. – Amsterdam : Atlas, 2011. – 431 p. ISBN 978-90-450-1369-5
  3. ^ van Gent, T. (2005). The Allied Assault on Walcheren, 1944 in: C. Steenman-Markusse, and A. van Herk (eds.), Building Liberty: Canada and World Peace, 1945-2005. Barkhuis. ISBN 9789077922057. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  4. ^ Goodlet, K.W. (2013). " "Reduced to the banks of mud from which they were reclaimed": The province of Zeeland, war and reconstruction, 1940-1945, in: Can. J. of Netherlandic Studies/Rev. can. d'études néerlandaises 34.2" (PDF). Canadian Association for the Advancement of Netherlandic Studies/Association canadienne pour l'avancement des études néerlandaises. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  5. ^ Dobbie, C.H.; Blofield, G.C.; Buchanan, A.G.B.; Campbell, W.L.; Cooke, A.G.; Doran, W.E.; Evans, J.; Geers, F.J.B.; Kolff, A.C.; Latham, E.; Mobbs, S.W.; Siegman, M.C.; Van Asbeck, W.F.; Thijsse, J.Th.; Willcock, H.W. (1946). "Correspondence: Some Sea Defence Works for Reclaimed Lands". Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 26 (8): 637–655. doi:10.1680/ijoti.1946.13768. ISSN 0368-2455. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  6. ^ Bouwens, B.; Sluyterman, K. (2010). Verdiept verleden: Een eeuw Koninklijke Boskalis Westminster en de Nederlandse baggerindustrie [Deepened past: A century of Royal Boskalis Westminster and the Dutch dredging industry] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 9789085069492. OCLC 690900444.
  7. ^ Vandersmissen, H. (1995). 60 jaar Vereniging Centrale Baggerbedrijf [60 years of the Central Dredging Companies Association] (in Dutch). Leidschendam.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b c Korteweg, J. (2018). Breaking new ground. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Balans. p. 184. ISBN 9789460039676.
  9. ^ Bos, W. (1974). Van baggerbeugel tot sleepzuiger. Een overzicht van de ontwikkeling in de Nederlandse baggerindustrie [From dredging bracket to trailing suction dredger. An overview of the development in the Dutch dredging industry] (in Dutch). Sliedrecht.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Ferguson, H.A. (1991). Dialoog met de Nordzee. 2000 jaar Deltawerken [Dialogue with the North Sea. 2000 years of Delta works.] (in Dutch). Hippolytushoef. p. 112-113.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ "Website dedicated to den Doolaard describing his experiences at Walcheren and the writing of the novel (in Dutch)". Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  12. ^ "Archive report by the Zeeuws Archief, the Regional Historical Archive of Zeeland (in Dutch)". Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  13. ^ "Het verjaagde water by A. den Doolaard". WorldCat. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Roll back the sea by A. den Doolaard, translated by Barrows Mussey". WorldCat. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  15. ^ "Scharesliep, scharensliep, sliepen: Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse taal" [Great dictionary of the Dutch Language] (in Dutch). Instituut voor de Nederlandse taal (Institute for the Dutch Language). 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  16. ^ "Y (klinker / medeklinker)". Genootschap Onze Taal (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  17. ^ "Delft University of Technology interview with Prof. ir. K. D'Angremond (in Dutch)". 6 December 2001. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  18. ^ Bleyi, R.H.J. (1998). Het verjaagde water, de getijbeweging op Walcheren en de caissonsluitingen in 1945/1946 (Het verjaagde water, the tidal movement on Walcheren and the caisson closures in 1945/1946) (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology.
  19. ^ Jansen., P. Ph. (1946). "De droogmaking van Walcheren. De strijd bij Rammekens" [The reclamation at Walcheren. The battle at Rammekens.]. De Ingenieur (in Dutch). 58 (15).
  20. ^ Doolaard, A. Den (1 April 1954). "Keeping Holland Above Water: The Facts Behind the Epic Struggle". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  21. ^ d'Angremond (2004), "Het verjaagde water: roman of geschiedenisboek? (Het verjaagde water: novel or history book?)", Nehalennia, 145, Nehalennia, vol. 145, pp. 20-28: 20–28, ISSN 0168-7131
  22. ^ Johnson, Maj. I.H. (June 1986). "The dykes of Walcheren". The Royal Engineers Journal. 100 (2): 106–114. ISSN 0035-8878.
  23. ^ Van den Ende, Jan (1992). "Tidal calculations in the Netherlands, 1920-60". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (3).
  24. ^ Jansen, P. Ph.; van Bendegom, L.; van der Berg, J.; de Vries, M.; Zanen, A. (1979). Principles of river engineering. London: Pitman. ISBN 9065621466. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  25. ^ Beckett, Allan (1991). "Record of Army service, including experience of design & construction of Mulberry Harbour" (PDF). pp. 10–11. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  26. ^ "Det beeegrade havet / Orig.s tit.: Het verjaagde water : Omsl : av Buster Nyström | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Besiegtes Wasser Roman | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Spoutaná voda | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  29. ^ "Akik a tengerrel csatáznak | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
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Oral history interview with Major Allan Beckett An oral history interview with Allan Beckett from 1997, conducted by the Imperial War Museum, in which he discusses his experiences in Walcheren.

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