Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain

Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain (Arabic: حكاية إسكندر ذو القرنين, lit. 'The Story/Exploits of Alexander') is a Malay epic in the tradition of the Alexander Romance describing fictional exploits of Dhu al-Qarnayn (Zulkarnain), a king briefly mentioned in the Quran. The oldest existing manuscript is dated 1713, but is in a poor state. Another manuscript was copied by Muhammad Cing Sa'idullah about 1830.^[1]

There are two versions of the text: a recension from the Malayan peninsula and a Sumatran recension. The Sumatran version begins with a doxology not found in the Peninsular, whereas the ending of the Peninsular is extended past that of the Sumatran to include up to the point when Alexander died.

Influence of the Alexander legends on Malaysian tradition was significant. Court chronicles were produced to claim genealogical descent from Alexander. Some claimed this descent from Alexander occurred through the lineage of Raja Rajendra Chola, an emperor from the eleventh century described in the Malay Annals.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Influence also poured into Buginese and Javanese literature.^[9]

Synopsis

Iskandar Zulkarnain is claimed to be a direct antecedent of the Minangkabau kingdoms of Sumatra by their rulers. The best known Minangkabau ruler, Adityavarman, who ruled over Sumatra between 1347 and 1374 AD claimed for himself the name Maharajadiraja, 'a great lord of kings.' It was William Marsten who first publicized this link at the end of the 18th century.^[10]

Sources and historical context

The hikayat genre was first introduced to Pasai in the mid-fourteenth century. The text has no ultimate source but is a composite of various origins, including the Arabic Sīrat al-Iskandar, the Shahnameh of the Persian poet Ferdowsi, and the Malay Hikayat Muhammad Hanifiyyah.^[9]^[11]

Related texts

Two related Malaysian texts include the Hikayat Raja Iskandar ("Story of King Alexander")^[12] and Hikayat Ya’juj wa-Ma’juj ("Story of Gog and Magog").^[13]

Editions

Pieter Johannes van Leeuwen, De maleische Alexanderroman (Meppel, 1937)

Notes

^ malay concordance project Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain
^ Balai Seni Lukis Negara (Malaysia) (1999). Seni dan nasionalisme: dulu & kini. Balai Seni Lukis Negara. ISBN 9789839572278.
^ S. Amran Tasai; Djamari; Budiono Isas (2005). Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. p. 67. ISBN 978-979-685-524-7.
^ Radzi Sapiee (2007). Berpetualang Ke Aceh: Membela Syiar Asal. Wasilah Merah Silu Enterprise. p. 69. ISBN 978-983-42031-1-5.
^ Dewan bahasa. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1980. pp. 333, 486.
^ John N. Miksic (30 September 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
^ Marie-Sybille de Vienne (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.
^ Yusoff Iskandar (1992). Pensejarahan Melayu: kajian tentang tradisi sejarah Melayu Nusantara. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia. p. 147. ISBN 978-983-62-3012-6.
^ ^a ^b Ng, Su Fang (2016). "The Alexander Romance in Southeast Asia: Wonder, Islam, and Knowledge of the World". In Stock, Markus (ed.). Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: transcultural perspectives. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-1-4426-4466-3.
^ Early Modern History ISBN 981-3018-28-3 page 60
^ Zuwiyya, Z. David (2011). "The Alexander Romance in the Arabic Tradition". In Z. David Zuwiyya (ed.). A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages. Brill. pp. 73–112.
^ Daneshgar, Majid (2019). "Dhu l-Qarnayn in Modern Malay Qurʾānic Commentaries and Other Literature on Qurʾānic Themes". In Daneshgar, Majid; Riddell, Peter G.; Rippin, Andrew (eds.). The Qurʼan in the Malay-Indonesian world: context and interpretation. Routledge studies in the Quran (First issued in paperback ed.). London New York: Routledge. pp. 212–228. ISBN 978-0-367-28109-0.
^ Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2003). "Sīrat Al-Iskandar: An Arabic Popular Romance of Alexander". Oriente Moderno. 22 (83) (2): 505–520. ISSN 0030-5472.

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[1] y concordance project Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain

[(Malaysia)1999-2] Balai Seni Lukis Negara (Malaysia) (1999). Seni dan nasionalisme: dulu & kini. Balai Seni Lukis Negara. ISBN 9789839572278.

[TasaiDjamari2005-3] S. Amran Tasai; Djamari; Budiono Isas (2005). Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. p. 67. ISBN 978-979-685-524-7.

[Sapiee2007-4] Radzi Sapiee (2007). Berpetualang Ke Aceh: Membela Syiar Asal. Wasilah Merah Silu Enterprise. p. 69. ISBN 978-983-42031-1-5.

[5] Dewan bahasa. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1980. pp. 333, 486.

[Miksic2013-6] John N. Miksic (30 September 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.

[Vienne2015-7] Marie-Sybille de Vienne (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.

[Iskandar1992-8] Yusoff Iskandar (1992). Pensejarahan Melayu: kajian tentang tradisi sejarah Melayu Nusantara. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia. p. 147. ISBN 978-983-62-3012-6.

[:0-9] Ng, Su Fang (2016). "The Alexander Romance in Southeast Asia: Wonder, Islam, and Knowledge of the World". In Stock, Markus (ed.). Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: transcultural perspectives. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-1-4426-4466-3.

[10] Early Modern History ISBN 981-3018-28-3 page 60

[11] Zuwiyya, Z. David (2011). "The Alexander Romance in the Arabic Tradition". In Z. David Zuwiyya (ed.). A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages. Brill. pp. 73–112.

[12] Daneshgar, Majid (2019). "Dhu l-Qarnayn in Modern Malay Qurʾānic Commentaries and Other Literature on Qurʾānic Themes". In Daneshgar, Majid; Riddell, Peter G.; Rippin, Andrew (eds.). The Qurʼan in the Malay-Indonesian world: context and interpretation. Routledge studies in the Quran (First issued in paperback ed.). London New York: Routledge. pp. 212–228. ISBN 978-0-367-28109-0.

[13] Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2003). "Sīrat Al-Iskandar: An Arabic Popular Romance of Alexander". Oriente Moderno. 22 (83) (2): 505–520. ISSN 0030-5472.

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