History of dolphin fishing and utilization in Japan

This article describes the history of dolphin fishing and utilization in Japan. Dolphins capturing are sometimes referred to as hunting and sometimes as fishing. In Japan, the word fishing (漁) has traditionally been used instead of hunting (猟) for dolphin capturing, so this article will use the word "fishing" for convenience. The catch of dolphins is not stable every year; sometimes they are caught in large quantities, and sometimes they are rarely caught. Also, when a large school of dolphins arrives, a large number of workers are temporarily needed. As a result, dolphin fishing profits were often allocated and taxed as contingent. In many cases, there was also a rule that those with dolphin fishing rights could call in personnel when fishing for dolphins.

Dolphin fishing has been conducted irregularly, and in many cases, there are no records of its implementation. Therefore, the following examples are only those that can be confirmed in the literature and do not describe the entire history of dolphin fishing in Japan.

Okinoshima

Irie

Inariyama

Idogawa

Mawaki

Shonaji

Hamazume

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Site with evidence of dolphin fishing in the Jomon period

Dolphin fishing began at the Okinoshima site (now Tateyama) about 10,000 years ago in the early Jōmon period,^[1]: 217 and large numbers of dolphin bones have been excavated from the Tanimukai shell mound (Minamibōsō) and Inahara shell mound (Tateyama). Dolphin bones with obsidian punctures have also been found in Inahara shell mound.^[1]: 22 In addition, dolphin bones have been found in Nego shell mound (Kamagaya), Kosaku shell mound (Funabashi), Hatagiri Cave site (Tateyama,)^[2]: 96 and Hamazume site (Kyōtango.)^[3]

Older traces of dolphin fishing have been found at the Mawaki Site (Noto), which flourished from about 6,000 to about 2,000 years ago.^[4]

Dolphin bones have also been found at Irie shell mound (Tōyako),^[5] Inariyama shell mound (Yokohama),^[6] Shomyoji shell mound (Yokohama),^[7] Idogawa site.^[8]

Although it is uncertain whether it actually exists or not, there is a tradition that Emperor Ōjin, who is said to have been an emperor around the 5th century, was presented with a dolphin as a reward from the gods when he was a crown prince.^[9]

Written in 733, Izumo Fudoki (出雲国風土記) contains a description of dolphin meat.^[10] However, this is the only reference that states that dolphins were eaten during this period.^[11]

The earliest known record of the systematic capture of dolphins in Japan is a descendant left in 1377 by Aokata Shigeshi of the Aokata clan, a powerful family on the Gotō Islands, which suggests that a "dolphin net fishing" (Yuruka-ami) already existed at that time.^[12]

青方重置文案
かつをあミ、しひあみ、ゆるかあみ、ちからあらハせうせうハ人をもかり候いて、しいたしてちきょうすへし、
ゑいわ三年三月十七日
— 『青方文書』

Nakamura Yoichiro, a professor at Shizuoka Sangyo University, interpreted this as follows: "In a letter left by Aokata Shigeshi to his descendants, he wrote that nets targeting bonito, tunas, and dolphines should be managed and operated with great effort, even if it means mobilizing human labor," and inferred the existence of a dolphin fishing by setting up tatekiri nets.^[13] A tatekiri net is a net used to partition the area from the seafloor to the sea surface.^[14] The tatekiri nets are not used exclusively for dolphin fishing, but are a tool used to catch tuna and other fish.^[15]

Even in medieval Tsushima Island, there are documents that suggest that a large number of people were needed to dolphin fishing. A document written in 1404 contains the local lord's instructions for dolphin fishing.^[16] Fishing in this period was often done by catching one by one with a harpoon or by using a net to drive in those that happened to stray into the bay.^[15]

Documents such as Yamanouchiryourisho and Shijouryuhouchodo, which were probably written in the 15th century, mention dolphin dishes as banquet food. The document Teikinorai, written around the same time, also contains a description of dried dolphin meat.^[10]

In January 1557, a nobleman, Yamashina Tokitsugu visited Imagawa Yoshimoto in Suruga Province and was presented with dolphin meat.^[17][18] The dolphin meat was presented along with burdock root, and it has been suggested that the meat may have been boiled in miso, as it is today.^[19]

Around 1563, the Katsurayama clan, who lived in Katsurayama (present-day Shizuoka Prefecture), gave written instructions that if dolphins came to the cove, gather people to capture them. And they sent officers to take the tax against fishing.^[20]

In 1580, a proclamation was issued in Tsushima Island, stipulating that local residents could be temporarily used as workers when dolphins arrived.^[21]

Taiji (now in Wakayama Prefecture) is said to be the birthplace of old-style whaling and has a whaling history of about 400 years. In this area, not only whales but also dolphins were eaten. In the Edo period, there was gondoh whale fishing mainly offshore with a poking stick. Also, pilot whales that happened to stray into a harbor or other location was sometimes captured by driving it into the water.^[22]

In 1625, a decree was issued in Tsushima, giving priority to dolphin fishing even if it meant interfering with the harvesting of kelp.^[23]

The ryorimonogatari, written in 1635, describes how to make dolphins meat into sashimi, soup, and stew with vinegar.^[10]

Records from 1673 show that of the sales of dolphins caught in Tsushima, one-third was allocated to the local community and two-thirds to the regional government.^[24]

In 1675, in Karakuwa, now Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture, there is a record that when a herds of dolphins came in, takikiri nets were set up between the Karakuwa Peninsula and Oshima Island to drive the dolphins in. In Karakuwa, drive fishing was practiced until the beginning of the Meiji era.^[25][26]

In 1683, a family in Tsushima had its privileges regarding tax rates on dolphin fishing abolished because of a dispute. This was seen as a move to strengthen the Tsushima local government's control.^[27]

The Honcho-Shokukan (本朝食鑑), written in 1692, describes dolphin meat as effective for hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse, although it is almost equal to whale meat.^[28]

There was a dispute over fishing rights in Ofunato Bay (present Iwate Prefecture) in 1699, and 32 times were recorded until 1867. These records indicate that nets for sardine fishing were used for dolphin fishing in the region.^[29]

In 1716, a group wanted to enter the dolphin fishery in Ohura (now Yamada, Iwate) instead of paying a hefty trade tax to the local government. So the local residents, who have had fishing rights for more than a decade, filed a petition to stop it. It is believed that dolphin fishing began in this village at the initiative of an engineer from what is now Wakayama Prefecture.^[30] In response, the local government made a decision to recognize the fishing rights of the local fishing village from the perspective of maintaining the fishing village.^[31]

In 1718, it was recorded that 415 dolphins were captured over a period of six days at Yotsugaura in Tsushima Island.^[32]

The 1724 pictorial map Yosano Dai Ezu (与謝之大絵図) describes "catching dolphins on the shallow beach" in Hirata village in Tango Province.^[3]

In 1745, a dispute related to the large-scale capture of dolphins is recorded in the Yukawa village of in present-day Shizuoka Prefecture.^[33]

Dolphin fishing in the Karatsu domain in the 18th century from "Hizen Province Product Drawings (肥前国産物図考)."

In March 1773, one of the "Hizen Province Product Drawings (肥前国産物図考)", "Dolphin and tuna fishing figure, and Snapper fishing and sea Matters (海豚漁事・鮪網之図・鯛網・海士)" was written by Kizaki Yuken, a samurai of the Karatsu domain.^[34] Of these, "Dolphin fissing" depicts the driving fishing to capture a herd of dolphines.^[35] The dolphins caught were used for food as well as for liting oil.^[36]

According to "Toyu-ki" written by Hezutu Tohsaku in 1786, Ainu people living in Esashi, Hokkaido did not catch whales, but they did catch dolphins, extracted their oil, and used them for food.^[37]

The June 1792 account of Ezo, Ezo no Teburi, describes an Ainu fisherman attempting to harvest dolphins.^[38]

In 1834, a large Ema (votive tablet) showing dolphin fishing was delivered to Isozaki Shrine (in present-day Fukuoka Prefecture). The picture depicts how dolphins were driven in with nets used for sardine fishing and captured by holding them by hand or poking them with a harpoon.^[39]

In 1838, "Noto province fishery pictorial book (能登国採魚図絵)" written by Kitamura Kokujitu, there is a record of dolphin fishing in the village of Manawaki (now Ishikawa Prefecture). According to the report, from March to April of the lunar calendar, about 3 or 4 boats with 6 or 7 crews go out to the sea 3 Li (ca. 5.6 km) offshore as "fish watching boats." When they find a herds of dolphines, they surround it with a coarse net and send a signal to land, and 6 or 7 boats with 3 or 4 crews come to support them. These boats make noise by banging on the edges of the boats, etc., and drive the herds into the bay to be caught. At the most, about 1,000 dolphins were driven in, and it sometimes took two days to catch them all.^[40]

In 1858, the catch in Ohura (now Yamada, Iwate) was recorded as 2,200 harbor porpoise and 3,590 common dolphins. They were sold for a total of 800 ryō, with 150 ryō going to taxes, the remaining 60% to the village, and 40% to the investors.^[41]

According to "Ito's history" written by Takeo Hamano at the middle of the 19th century, there were few organized fishing groups in Shizuoka at that time, and only Yugawa Village, Matsubara Village (now Itō City) and Inatori Village (now Higashiizu Town) were involved in the practice.^[42]

Isozaki

Kawana

Futo

Taiji

Oura

Nago

Tsushima

Hirata

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Examples of major dolphine fishing in the Meiji era

In 1868, Japan underwent a major change of government, known as the Meiji Restoration, and became a centralisation nation. 1875, the Japanese government declared that all fishing rights along the coast of Japan were owned by the Japanese government. The Japanese government leased fishing rights to fishermen through a bidding process, but after some confusion, including capitalists buying up fishing rights, the government decided to recognize traditional fishing rights for villages in 1877.^[43] However, dolphin fishing was not specified in these programs because of the limited area in which it was conducted.^[43]

Dolphin fishing was abolished in many places after the Meiji Era. For example, in Shizuoka's Yugawa and Matsubara, the fishery was abolished. In Inatori, there is a testimony that the fishery was abolished in the early year of Meiji Era because the arrival of dolphins was unstable and it was unprofitable to fish once or twice a year.^[44] However, in Inatori, every time dolphins come to the area, the drive fishing has been revived.^[45]

In Kesennuma, Karakuwa in Miyagi Prefecture and Yamada in Iwate Prefecture, schools of dolphins stopped congregating after the early year of the Meiji Era and no more drive fishing was conducted^[46]

In the Meiji Era, dolphin fishing began in Kawana, Futo (now Itō City), Tago (now Nishiizu Town), and other areas in Shizuoka Prefecture.^[44] Dolphin fishing began in Kawana in 1888, and in 1922, an ema (votive tablet) of dolphin fishing was dedicated to a local shrine.^[47] In Futo, the fishery started about 10 years after Kawana, but due to a dispute with Kawana in 1903, not much pursuit fishing was done until after the World War II.^[48]

In 1889, a request was made to the Iwate Prefecture local government for a survey of dolphin fishing. According to the survey, the common dolphin and pilot whale were used for food, while the harbor porpoises were used for oil extraction. The number of dolphins caught varied greatly from year to year, sometimes as many as 3,000 were caught in a single fishing trip, and sometimes less than 100.^[49]

In 1899, a lookout spotted a herd of 61 pilot whale.^[50] A 1906 report to the government explained that the origins of the drive fishing were unknown and that the proceeds of the fishing, which was a communal activity of the village, became the common property of the village.^[51]

In 1901, there is a record of profit distribution when 900 dolphins were captured in Tsushima. The profit at that time was basically distributed to the main household, called Honke, and not to the sub-household, called Bunke. Sales at this time amounted to 1,474 yen, and expenses were 550 yen. 524 yen in profit was distributed among 195 honke, which amounted to 4.6 yen per honke. In 1895, however, distribution was made on a different basis.^[52]

In 1902, the Fisheries Law was passed in Japan, and in 1903, detailed regul.ations were established. Here, the position of dolphin drive fishing was clearly stated. In response, the residents of Oura in Iwate Prefecture applied for a license to fish for dolphins. The application required, among other things, the provision of documents showing past performance.^[53]

A record from 1908 describes the method of dolphin drive fishing. According to the report, 50 to 60 fishing boats surrounded the school in a half-moon shape and drove them into the bay by throwing stones, hitting the surface of the water, and striking the edges of the boats. The bay was then blocked with a tatekiri net. In addition to tailing, a harpoon method called tsukitori was used to catch the fish as they breathed.^[54] In those days, meat was used for food, fat for oil, and leather for goods (especially shoes.) As a food, it was commonly boiled in miso with gobo (Arctium lappa), etc.^[54]。In Shizuoka Prefecture, they were grilled and eaten after being pickled in soy sauce or mirin and dried in the sun. Oil was extracted from the peel and used to make fried oil and soap. The squeezed peel was deep-fried and eaten as a snack. The rest was used as a good fertilizer.^[55]

In Nago City, Okinawa Prefecture, dolphins (small cetaceans) are called pitu or heatu, and although the origin of the fishery is unknown,^[56] they were fished as late as the early Meiji period and were an important source of protein. The method is fishing using traditional Okinawa boats, Sabani.^[56] According to the Japan Fisheries Agency's classification, the type of fishing is considered to be poking with a stick, and in recent years, most of the fish are caught by hand-thrown harpoons.^[57][56] The main targets are short-finned pilot whale and common bottlenose dolphin, which migrate to Nago Bay from February to June every year.^[58]

In Shizuoka Prefecture, from the beginning of the Taishō era to the early Showa period, it declined temporarily due to a decrease in dolphin migration.^[59]

In the 1920s, the last large-scale dolphin fishery took place in Ofunato Bay, Iwate Prefecture. By that time, the custom of eating dolphin meat in Ofunato had died out, and it was transported to the mountains of Tōhoku region, far from the sea. The fishermen considered dolphins only as a commodity, not for eating.^[60]

In 1928, a school of dolphins came to Kariya Bay in Saga Prefecture and over 300 were caught. However, this was the last time a large-scale dolphin fishery was conducted in there.^[61]

In 1933, dolphins caught in Taiji town were shipped to an aquarium in the Hanshin area for the first time. In 1936, it was brought to Hanshin Koshien Park (amusement park 1929 - 1943.)^[22]

The Goto Ethnographic Magazine (五島民族図誌) published in 1934 contains articles and photographs of dolphin fishing in Gotō Islands.^[13]

The History of Shizuoka Prefecture (静岡県史) published in 1934 also mentions Tsumara, Koura (now Minamiizu Town), Arari (now Nishiizu Town), and Omaezaki.

Contributors to the dolphin fishery were given dorsal and tail fins. They sometimes ate them and had the custom of displaying them under the eaves for years. Others dedicated them to shrines dedicated to dolphins. In 1936, the "Dolphin Association Statute" was established, specifying that dorsal and caudal fins would be awarded to those who had made meritorious contributions to the fishery.^[13]

In Hokkaido, dolphin fishing was conducted in Abashiri.^[62]

In 1942, large-scale dolphin migrations began again in Shizuoka Prefecture. A catch of 20,000 was reported in Arari.^[63] This is thought to be due to food shortages caused by World War II and the fact that coastal fisheries became the main source of income as large vessels were confiscated by the Japanese military.^[64]

In 1949, a memorial was built on Fukue Island (Nagasaki Prefecture) on the grounds that dolphins are animals.^[65]

From 1950 to 1956, folklorist Tsuneichi Miyamoto conducted research on Tsushima's fishing industry, and after his death, History of Tsushima Fishery was published. In this book, dolphin fishing is mentioned throughout.^[16]

In 1951, NHK broadcast a 74-second clip of the pursuit of Short-finned pilot whales. At that time, 40 whales were captured.^[66]

In Tsushima Island, the coastal rias are used for drive fishing. Around 1960, about 1,000 dolphins arrived, and for the next several years, 200 - 300 dolphins were caught annually.^[67]

In Shizuoka Prefecture, the annual catch peaked in the 1960s with an average of 11,000 animals per year.^[68]

In 1969, fishermen in the town of Taiji were asked to catch dolphins for a display at the Whale Museum in the town, and after 12 years of successful fishing.^[22] Around this time, dolphin fishing techniques were introduced from Futo and Kawana in Shizuoka Prefecture.^[69][22][70]

In Shizuoka Prefecture, from this time on, the number of vessels navigating increased due to economic growth, and the number of fish such as saury and sardines that the dolphins could feed on decreased, so the dolphins stopped coming and the dolphin fishery declined.^[71] For this reason, dolphins caught in Iwate and other prefectures are now eaten in Shizuoka Prefecture.^[72] In Shizuoka Prefecture, dolphin meat are eaten as miso-broiled. Dolphin meat are cut into bite-sized pieces and stir-fried, burdock root is added and stir-fried further, then seasoned with sake, oy sauce, sugar and miso.^[73]

Around 1970, in Nago City, Okinawa Prefecture, dolphin fishing reached its peak,^[74] when almost all the boats in the harbor sailed with the strong support of the citizens and the fishing cooperative, catching as many as 250 animals at once.^[58]

On Iki Island in Nagasaki Prefecture, a large-scale pursuit fishery was conducted from 1976 to 1986 for the purpose of vermin control. According to fishermen in Iki Island, since 1965, schools of dolphin have appeared in the surrounding waters and intercepted yellowtails caught on the hooks of pole-and-line fisheries, and the small whales have caused the loss of fish stocks. According to fishermen in the Iki island, schools of dolphins have been appearing in nearby waters since 1965 and have disrupted the fishing industry. After 10 years of attempts to exterminate them by sound intimidation and gunfire with little effect, they had no choice but to introduce drive fishing under the technical guidance of Taiji in Wakayama Prefecture and Futo in Shizuoka Prefecture. Because Iki did not have the custom of eating dolphins, they were used as livestock feed or fertilizer material or were buried on the beach, with the exception of a few.^[75] A dedicated grinder was also purchased for feed and fertilizer production. The extermination of cetaceans by drive fishing was said to have had some effect. Fishing for the purpose of vermin control on Iki Island was scaled down after 1986 due to a decrease in the number of dolphins migrating.^[76]

Dolphin fishing on Iki Island was condemned by many parts of the world after a video of the capture was released in 1978. Singer Olivia Newton-John postponed her April visit to Japan for her second solo performance. Six months later, after a solo performance, Olivia learned that dolphin fishing was a way for the fishermen of Iki to survive, and during a performance in Japan, she donated $20,000 to the Marine Ecology Research Institute in Chiba Prefecture for research on how dolphins and humans can coexist.^[77]。

In 1980, a foreign activist cut nets to release 250 to 300 dolphins caught in fishing on Iki Island.^{[75]: 80–81} Peter Singer, a researcher in ethical philosophy, came to Japan from Australia to defend. A Japanese district court sentenced the activist to six months in prison, suspended for three years.^[78]

In December 1980, a joint operation between Futo and Kawana was being conducted in Futo, when a small whale escaped by foreign activists.^[79]。

Demand for dolphins increased as a substitute for whales around the time of the commercial whaling moratorium. The number of porpoises captured increased from 16,515 in 1986 to 40,367 in 1988. As a result, catch limits were established for each fishing method and for each dolphin species, beginning with the 1991 porpoises.^[75]

On November 2–3, 1990, 582 Risso's dolphin drifted ashore at Shirarake Beach in Gotō Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture. When these were taken and used for food, the Chunichi Shimbun and other Japanese mass media simultaneously reported that the heads were beaten and dismantled for food.^[80] The British newspapers reported and condemned it as dolphin slaughter or a disgrace to the whole world.^[81] On the other hand, a Japanese weekly defended the dolphins on the Gotō Islands, saying that there was a tradition that dolphins were a gift from the gods and that they were distributed as an important source of protein because they were a remote island.^[82]

Although Shizuoka Prefecture was allotted an annual quota of about 600 animals, the annual quota has been less than 100 animals since 1993, and since 1997, the quota has been reduced to 71 animals in 1999.^[83]

In 1996, Futo in Shizuoka Prefecture caught 50 False killer whale and sold them for food and to an aquarium, but the Elsa Nature Conservation Society, which monitored the fishing, pointed out that False killer whale were not a species to be caught and demanded that the situation be corrected.^[79] Two months later, on December 1, the Izu Shimbun newspaper published a memoir by a fisherman titled Dolphins are eating humans, in which he wrote about the terrible damage to the fishing industry caused by dolphins and the unreasonableness of having to release them.^[79]。

In 2003, the Taiji Fisheries Cooperative Association's counselor said that dolphin fishing is not contrary to the objectives of the International Whaling Commission, that whaling in Taiji is a tradition and drive fishing is an important component, and that whalers in Taiji have been providing food for local residents for generations and will continue to fish in the future.^[84]

Dolphin fishing on the Izu Peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture was discontinued after 2004.^[85]

In November 2005, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare announced its opinion that pregnant women can consume dolphins at a frequency of approximately 80 grams per serving: up to once every two months for Common bottlenose dolphin, once every two weeks for Short-finned pilot whale, and twice a week for Dall's porpoise. At the same time, they also announced that there is no concern about adverse effects of mercury on the health of the general public, including children, as long as they eat normal amounts.^[86]

In November 2007, actress Hayden Panettiere and others attempted to save a dolphin about to be driven in the Taiji dolphin fishery by approaching it with surfboards, but failed when the fishermen pushed them away.^[87] This scene was used in the 2009 film The Cove.^[88]

In 2009, a film The Cove was released criticizing Taiji's dolphin fishery.It was an indictment of the cruel killing of dolphins and the high mercury content of dolphin meat.^[89] A July 2009 National Geographic article reported, What he did was by all accounts illegal and dangerous and borderline stupid. But so is killing a dolphin.^[90] The film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 82nd Academy Awards in 2010.^[91]

Hokkaido

Iwate

Miyagi

Wakayama

Okinawa

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Where dolphins were captured in 2022^[92]

In September 2010, the nets of a cage used to store captured dolphins were cut at a fishing port in the town of Taiji. According to Japanese police, seven of the eleven cages were cut, leaving a hole of approximately 50 cm to 150 cm. It is believed that the cages was cut with a sharp knife. The European-based conservation group The Black Fish claimed in the same month that it had cut dolphin nets at a fishing port in Taiji Town and rescued many dolphins.^[93]

In December 2010, Wakayama Prefecture issued a statement criticizing the film The Cove, saying, "Criticizing dolphin fishing based on one-sided values and misinformation, as this film does, is an unjust act that threatens the livelihood of people who have long been involved in dolphin fishing in Taiji Town and damages the history and pride of the town and must never be allowed. The statement criticized the dolphin fishery as "unjust and unforgivable. ^[94]

In 2011, the Dolphin Project, founded by Ric O'Barry, called for a JAPAN DOLPHINS DAY on September 1 each year, when dolphin fishing begins in Taiji Town, to organize a positive event in their city, preferably near a Japanese embassy or consulate general.^[95]

In 2012, a Sea Shepherd member was arrested by Wakayama Prefectural Police for allegedly hanging onto the harpoon end of a monument to a fisherman with a harpoon in a park in Taiji Town and bending the tip.^[96]

In April 2013, the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, a peer-reviewed academic journal, published an article stating that the method of slaughtering dolphins in Taiji Town "does not conform to the recognized requirement for “immediate insensibility” and would not be tolerated or permitted in any regulated slaughterhouse process in the developed world."^[97]

In 2013, the number of dolphins caught in drive fishing in Japan was 1,239, which were caught in Taiji Town, Wakayama Prefecture. There were 498 striped dolphins, 298 risso's dolphins, 126 pantropical spotted dolphins, 190 common bottlenose dolphins, 88 pilot whales and 39 pacific white-sided dolphins. And the number of live cetaceans (live dolphins) shipped to aquariums and dolphinariums were 1 striped dolphin, 12 risso's dolphins, 45 pantropical spotted dolphins, 84 common bottlenose dolphins, 1 Pilot whale, and 29 pacific white-sided dolphins.^[98] In 2014, 937 dolphins were taken, of which 84 were shipped as live cetaceans.^[83]

About 200 activists from anti-whaling groups visited Taiji in 2013.^[99]

In January 2014, U.S. Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy expressed her opinion on Twitter that drive hunt dolphin killing is inhumane.^[100]

In February 2014, the Japanese cabinet decided on a written response regarding Japan's dolphin fishery, stating that it is one of the traditional fisheries of our country and is properly conducted in accordance with the law.^[101]

In April 2015, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (Waza) suspended the status of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (Jaza) for violating its code of ethics on animal welfare by fishing for dolphins. In May, JAWA agreed to stop purchasing dolphins taken in captivity in the town of Taiji, thus avoiding expulsion from WAZA.^[102]

The Wakayama Prefectural Government stated, "The dolphin fishery in Taiji Town has been the target of radical animal rights groups coming from abroad on numerous occasions. They repeatedly sabotaging the fishery and psychologically attacking the dolphins."^[103][94]

In June 2015, the Kyodo News reported that about half of the live dolphins caught in pursuit fisheries in Taiji Town, Wakayama Prefecture, are exported to China, South Korea, Russia, and other foreign countries. Exports to China amounted to 216 dolphins, 36 to Ukraine, 35 to South Korea, 15 to Russia, and 12 other countries in the last five years, including one to the U.S. The export of dolphins to China is handled by specialized companies. The exports were handled by a specialized company, and the Taiji Fisheries Cooperative was not directly involved.^[104]

In June 2015, Wakayama Prefecture Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Committee propose to the Wakayama Prefectural Assembly. That stated "Extreme criticism and dangerous disturbances by the anti-whaling group Sea Shepherd have already continued for more than 10 years. Although the unceasing efforts of the prefectural police and Japan Coast Guard to strengthen their vigilance have helped to calm the situation, the mental and physical pain inflicted by the endless protests is immeasurable."^[105] The opinion was approved by all.^[106][107]

In December 2016, English actress Maisie Williams visited Taiji Town, Wakayama Prefecture, to protest dolphin drive fishing.^[108]

In January 2017, someone cut the net of a dolphin cage at a leisure facility in Taiji, Wakayama Prefecture, causing four dolphins to get out, but three returned to the cage on their own.^[108]

In October 2017, a man and a woman, a Dutch and a Belgian, jumped into the pool where a dolphin show was being held at [[ Adventure World (Japan)| Adventure World]], a leisure facility in Wakayama Prefecture, and held placards in the water protesting dolphin fishing, disrupting the show. A fellow man videotaped it, and the three were arrested by prefectural police on charges of obstruction of business.^[109]

In 2017, 50 activists from anti-whaling groups were identified in the town of Taiji in Wakayama Prefecture.^[99]

In 2019, Itō's fishery cooperative lifted the ban on dolphin drive fishing, which had been suspended since 2004, to keep the tradition of dolphin fishing alive, but only for capturing live animals for sale to aquariums and other institutions.^[110]

Japanese dolphin catches for the 2022 fishing season were 10,950 in total, 745 in Hokkaido, 7,757 in Iwate, 141 in Miyagi, 2,210 in Wakayama, and 97 in Okinawa. The highest number of captured was 8,535 in Dall's porpoise.^[92]

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• 中村羊一郎 (2006). "対馬におけるイルカ漁の歴史と民俗". 静岡産業大学情報学部研究紀要 (8). 静岡産業大学情報学部: 452–407. This paper is in descending order of page numbers because it appears at the end of a left-opening journal volume as a right-opening paper.
• 中村羊一郎 (2005). "玄海灘におけるイルカ漁と漁業組織". 静岡産業大学国際情報学部研究紀要 (7). 静岡産業大学国際情報学部: 386–341.This paper is in descending order of page numbers.
• 中村羊一郎 (2007). "陸中海岸におけるイルカ漁の歴史と民俗 (上)". 静岡産業大学情報学部研究紀要 (9). 静岡産業大学情報学部: 226–225.This paper is in descending order of page numbers.
• 中村羊一郎 (2008). "陸中海岸におけるイルカ漁の歴史と民俗 (下)". 静岡産業大学情報学部研究紀要 (10). 静岡産業大学情報学部: 262–221.This paper is in descending order of page numbers.
• 中村羊一郎 (2011-03-01). "丹後国伊根におけるイルカ漁と漁株制". 静岡産業大学情報学部研究紀要: 272–314.This paper is in descending order of page numbers.
• 中村羊一郎 (2012-03-01). "沼津市浦及び西伊豆町田子におけるイルカ追込み漁について". 静岡産業大学情報学部研究紀要: 125–103.This paper is in descending order of page numbers.
• 岡田 夕佳, 丸山 真史 (2019-12-26). "静岡県におけるイルカの食文化と消費動向" (PDF). 東海大学紀要海洋学部: 57–65.
• 板橋悦子 (2002). "近世におけるイルカ食の効能". 常民文化: 96–79. This paper is in descending order of page numbers.

• Whaling in Japan
• Whale conservation
• The Cove (film)