Gudok

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Gudok

Impression of the ancient Russian Gudok
String instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	(Bowl lyre sounded by a bow)
Related instruments
Byzantine lyra Classical Kemenche, (Turkish: Armudî kemençe, Greek: Πολίτικη Λύρα) Cello Lira (Calabrian) (Italian: Lira Calabrese) Lira da braccio Lyra (Cretan) (Greek: Λύρα) Lyre (terminology) Fiddle Gadulka (Bulgarian: Гъдулка) Rabāb (Arabic الرباب) Lijerica (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [lijɛritsa]) violin

The gudok (Russian pronunciation: [gʊˈdok], Russian: гудок), gudochek (Russian pronunciation: [gʊˈdot͡ɕɪk], Russian: гудочек) is an ancient Eastern Slavic string musical instrument, played with a bow.^[1]

A gudok usually had three strings, two of them tuned in unison and played as a drone, the third tuned a fifth higher. All three strings were in the same plane at the bridge, so that a bow could make them all sound simultaneously. Sometimes the gudok also had several sympathetic strings (up to eight) under the sounding board. These made the gudok's sound warm and rich.

The player held the gudok on his lap, like a cello or viola da gamba. It was also possible to play the gudok while standing and even while dancing, which made it popular among skomorokhs. Initially in the 12th century (and probably before), the gudok did not have a neck for pressing strings. This suggests that it was played by stopping the strings from the side with fingernails (similarly to the Byzantine lyra), rather than pressing strings onto the instrument's neck. Later in the 14th century some modifications of the gudok had a real neck for pressing strings.

The Russian gudok ceased to exist as a folk instrument for several centuries. All present instruments are replicas, based on several parts of gudoks found in the Novgorod excavations.

There have been several attempts to revive the gudok in music. Borodin's opera Prince Igor contains a "Gudok Player's Song", which is an artistic reconstruction of how the gudok may have sounded.

• Gadulka - a related Bulgarian instrument

• Humeniuk, A. - Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty - Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1967
• Mizynec, V. - Ukrainian Folk Instruments - Melbourne: Bayda books, 1984
• Cherkaskyi, L. - Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty // Tekhnika, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2003 - 262 pages. ISBN 966-575-111-5
• Povetkin, V. I. - "Musical instruments" // Wood Use in Medieval Novgorod. Edited by Mark Brisbane and Jon Hather. Oxbow Books and the authors, 2007. р. 360-381: illustrated.
• N.G. Gerasimova, M.I. Kolosova, K.M. Plotkin, V.I. Povetkin. - "Thirteenth century fiddles from excavations in Pskov. Their investigation, stabilization and reconstruction" // Proceedings of the 4-th IGOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference. Bremerhaven, 1990. Edited by Per Hoffmann Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum. P. 267-279: il.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gudok.

• Site with large photo of 12th century gudok or rebec.