Irreligion in the Republic of Ireland

The percentage of respondents who said that they had no religion in the census in Ireland in 2011.

Irreligion in Ireland pertains to the population of Ireland that are atheist, agnostic, or otherwise unaffiliated with any religion. The 2022 census recorded that 14% of the population was irreligious; the second largest category after Roman Catholicism.[1] The population was traditionally devoutly Catholic throughout much of Ireland's modern history,[2] with a peak of 94.9% identifying as Catholic in the 1961 census. This percentage has declined to 69% in the 2022 census, the lowest recorded. Conversely, those with no religion made up less than 0.1% of the population in 1961;[3] the proportion grew slowly until the 1991 census where it began to rapidly increase[4] to its current share of 14% of the population in 2022.

Church attendance has also rapidly declined in Ireland.[5] A study by the World Inequality Database (WID) of Irish political and social attitude surveys found that the share of Irish adults who attended church regularly (monthly or more) declined from 80% in the 1990s to 28% in 2020.[6][7]

In 2012, Ireland ranked in the Top 10 Atheist Populations in a survey which questioned 50,000 people from 57 countries.[8][9][10] As of 2018, Ireland was ranked 115th by the International Humanist and Ethical Union in a list of best countries to live in as an atheist.[11]

History

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Since its adoption in 1937, the Constitution of Ireland guarantees the right to freedom of religion and freedom of conscience. Article 44 guarantees that the State will not endow or favour any religion and that it will not discriminate on the grounds of religious profession, belief or status.[12]

The aforementioned rights were also enumerated in Article 8 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State which was adopted in 1922.[13] The constitution was subsequently replaced by the current constitution in 1937 following a referendum.

Statistics

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No religion

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Census

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Prior to the 2002 census, those who were atheist, agnostic or had no religion simply wrote their non-religious beliefs in a box provided for religion. In 2002, the format changed to the question "What is your religion?" with a list of tick box options, a box for writing in any religion not listed, and a final tick box for "No Religion".[14] The religions which had a tick box changed based on the most popular response from the previous census. The chairman of Atheist Ireland, Michael Nugent, and the director of the Humanist Association of Ireland, Terry Flynn, argued that "What is your religion?" is a leading question which presumes a person must have a religion. They further pointed out that the "No Religion" tick box was listed last despite being the second most popular category.[15][16] Following consultation with the Central Statistics Office, the 2022 census religion question was changed to "What is your religion, if any?" and the "No religion" tick box was listed first.[17]

The summary results of the 2022 census were released in May 2023 and indicated that 736,210 people, representing 14% of the usually resident population, had no religion.[18] This was an increase of 63% since the 2016 census and 187% since the 2011 census.[19] Additionally, 942 people identified as "Atheist" and 2,881 as "Agnostic" in the write-in box.[20] There was a decrease in the number of people as well as the proportion of the population who identified as Roman Catholic from 79% in 2016 to 69% in 2022.[21] A more detailed report of census data relating to religion was published by the Central Statistics Office in October 2023.[22] It showed that the number of people with no religion increased across all age cohorts.[23] Among pre-school aged children (0 to 4 years) 16% had no religion and 11% of those in the 5 to 9 age cohort had no religion. The 25-29 age cohort had the highest proportion of people with no religion at 26%.[24]

The 2016 census found that approximately 451,941 people or 10.1% of the population were either atheist, agnostic or had no religion,[25] an increase from approximately 6% as of the 2011 census.[26][27] The age distribution for those with no religion had an initial low of 4.5% for 12 year olds which rose to a peak of 18.5% for 26 year olds before declining for higher ages down to a final low of 1.1% for those aged 85+.[28] Those with no religion were disproportionally represented in the 20-39 age bracket. Despite containing only 28% of the general population, up to 45% of those with no religion fell into the 20-39 age bracket.[29][30] Those with no religion made up 17.2% of those aged 20-24; 17.6% of those aged 25-29; 15.6% of those aged 30-34; and 13.7% of those aged 35-39.[31]

The number of irreligious students across all levels of education (namely primary, secondary and third level) increased between the 2011 and 2016 censuses. Third level students were the most irreligious at 21.9% (up from 13.8%); followed by second level students at 7.9% (up from 4.2%) and primary school students at 5.6% (up from 2.9%).[32]

Surveys

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According to a 2012 WIN-Gallup International poll, Ireland had the second highest decline in religiosity from 69% in 2005 to 47% in 2012, while those who considered themselves not a religious person increased from 25% in 2005 to 44% in 2012. The poll also showed that 10% of Ireland now consider themselves convinced atheists, which is a vast increase from 2005.[33] This number is thought to be higher due to citizens describing themselves as "cultural Catholics".[34]

A 2017 Pew Research Center survey found that 15% of the Irish adult population say they are atheist, agnostic or have no particular religion.[35]

2021 WID report (Eurobarometer/ESS/UCD online poll data)[36]
Year(s) No religion
1973-77 1%
1981-89 3%
1992-97 4%
2002-07 20%
2011-16 28%
2020 27%

A 2021 WID report, based on public opinion surveys by Eurobarometer and the European Social Survey (ESS) between 1973 and 2016, found an increasing proportion of the Irish population had no religion.[36]

The report also included data for 2020 based on survey of an online panel carried out by University College Dublin in cooperation with Ireland Thinks on the day of the 2020 Irish general election which found that 27% of those surveyed had no religion.[37]

Non-belief

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According to a work by Andrew Greeley in 2003,[38] 5% of those in Ireland did not believe in God, while only 2% accepted the self-identification of "atheist". According to British sociologist Grace Davie, as of 1999, 4% of the Irish did not then believe in God.[39][40]

A 2010 Bishops Conference survey found that 10.1% of Irish Roman Catholics did not believe in God.[41]

A 2023 survey by Amárach Research, of 1,500 adults throughout Ireland, found that 52% of men and 58% of women said they believed in God.[5]

Non-importance of religion

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In a 2009 Gallup Poll, 46% of adults surveyed in Ireland answered "No" to the question: "Is religion an important part of your daily life?"[42]

A 2013 VitalSigns study by the Community Foundation for Ireland asked Irish respondents to rank a list of 119 areas of society in order of importance. "Religion and spirituality" ranked as the least important thing in Irish people's lives and "[t]he quality of the education system" was the most important.[43][44]

Organisations

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The Humanist Association of Ireland (HAI) and Irish Freethinkers and Humanists represent the non-religious in Ireland, as well as specifically those who identify as humanists. The HAI received the ability to conduct legal marriages in 2012. In 2022, the HAI conducted 9.3% of marriages in Ireland. A further 26.2% of marriages in 2022 were non-religious civil marriages.[45]

Atheist Ireland is a group representing atheists in Ireland. It has advocated for a repeal of blasphemy laws, non-denominational schools, an end to discrimination against atheists and secular charities.[46]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Census 2022: Number who identify as Catholic falls by 10 percentage points to 69%". thejournal.ie. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Cultural factors help cause surprise". Irish Times. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  3. ^ Walsh, Brendan (1975). "Trends in the Religious Composition of the Population in the Republic of Ireland" (PDF). The Economic and Social Review. 6 (4): 545. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion; Religion - No Religion, Atheism and Agnosticism". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b Edwards, Rodney (26 March 2023). "Mass exodus: Over 41pc of worshippers fail to return to church after Covid, survey shows". www.independent.ie. Irish Independent. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  6. ^ Bauluz, Luis; Gethin, Amory; Martínez-Toledano, Clara; Morgan, Marc. "Political Cleavages in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland" (PDF). WID - World Inequality Database. Retrieved 7 April 2023. the share of [Irish] voters attending church monthly or more declined from 80 percent in the 1990s to 28 percent by 2020
  7. ^ Quinn, David. "Why Ireland is abandoning the Church". UnHerd. Retrieved 7 April 2023. The report also states that there has been a much smaller drop in regular church attendance (monthly or more), which has fallen from 33% to 28%
  8. ^ "Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism" (PDF). Gallup. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  9. ^ "Religiosity Plummets In Ireland And Declines Worldwide; Atheism On The Rise". Huffingtonpost.com. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  10. ^ "We're losing our faith faster than most countries as only 47pc say they are religious - Independent.ie". 8 August 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  11. ^ Halpin, Hayley (28 October 2018). "These are the best and worst countries in the world to be an atheist". The Journal.
  12. ^ "Fundamental rights under the Irish Constitution". www.citizensinformation.ie. Citizens Information Board. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  13. ^ Ó Drisceoil, Macdara (2020). "Catholicism and the Judiciary in Ireland, 1922-1960" (PDF). Irish Judicial Studies Journal. 4 (1). Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  14. ^ Kieran, Patricia; Mullally, Aiveen. "The new 'nones': the implications of ticking the 'No Religion' census box for educators in Ireland" (PDF). The Furrow. 71 (7/8): 387. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  15. ^ Duffy, Rónán (26 March 2016). "'What is your religion?' People are being urged to think hard about that come census night". TheJournal.ie. The Journal. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  16. ^ Nugent, Michael. "Change to census question on religion". www.irishtimes.com. The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  17. ^ "Census 2022 Household Form Questions - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office.
  18. ^ "Census of Population 2022 - Summary Results - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  19. ^ "Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. This was an increase of 63% since the 2016 census, and of 187% since the 2011 census.
  20. ^ "Census 2022 - Population Usually Resident and Present in the State". www.data.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  21. ^ "Census figures show average age rising to 38.8". rte.ie. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  22. ^ "Census 2022 Publication Schedule - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. The number of people with no religion increased across all age cohorts.
  24. ^ "Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  25. ^ Ryan, Orla (6 April 2017). "One in 10 Irish people say they have no religion, the second largest group behind Roman Catholics". The Journal.
  26. ^ "Press Statement Census 2016 Results Profile 8 - Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 6 April 2023. persons [who] stated that they had no religion (including atheists/agnostics) [..] were the second largest category and made up 10.1% of the population, compared with 6.0% five years previously
  27. ^ "Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion". cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 8 April 2011. up from 5.9 per in 2011 [..] making 'No Religion' the second largest group in 2016
  28. ^ "Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion - Religious Change". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 9 April 2023. The mirror reverse of this pattern can be largely seen for those indicating no religion, with an initial low of 4.5 per cent for 12 years olds, rising to a peak of 18.5 per cent for those aged 26 before declining as the population ages.
  29. ^ Martin, Dr Diarmuid (24 August 2017). "Dr Diarmuid Martin: The road of Irish Catholicism has been relentlessly changing". The Irish News. Retrieved 9 April 2023. The age group 20-39 accounts for 28 per cent of the general population but 45 per cent of those with 'no religion' fall into this age bracket.
  30. ^ Bielenberg, Kim (9 April 2017). "The Church has its cross to bear". www.independent.ie. Irish Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2023. Up to 45pc who class themselves as having no religion are in the 20-39 age bracket.
  31. ^ "Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion - Religious Change". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 9 April 2023. Figure 4.3 illustrates the proportional breakdown of the population by broad religion and age group in 2011 and 2016.
  32. ^ "Religion - No Religion, Atheism and Agnosticism - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 18 April 2023. Figure 8.3 Proportion of students by education level with no religion, 2011-2016
  33. ^ "Atheists Rally On National Mall" (PDF). Redcreearch.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  34. ^ "Big rise in people with no faith but 84pc still Catholic". Independent. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  35. ^ "Being Christian in Western Europe". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Pew Research Center. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2023. The unaffiliated portion of the adult population ranges from as high as 48% in the Netherlands to 15% in Ireland, Italy and Portugal.
  36. ^ a b Bauluz, Luis; Gethin, Amory; Martínez-Toledano, Clara; Morgan, Marc. "Political Cleavages in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland (Appendix - Table DA1 & DA2)" (PDF). WID - World Inequality Database. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  37. ^ Elkink, Johan; Farrell, David (14 November 2020), 2020 UCD Online Election Poll (INES 1), Harvard Dataverse, doi:10.7910/dvn/e6tavy, retrieved 9 April 2023
  38. ^ Greeley, Andrew (2003). Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9780765808219.
  39. ^ "мЮСВМШИ ЮРЕХГЛ. Phil Zuckerman: Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns". Atheism.ru. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  40. ^ Davie, Grace (1999). "Europe: The Exception that Proves the Rule?". In Berger, Peter (ed.). The Desecularization of the World. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 65–83. ISBN 9780802846914.
  41. ^ "Religious Practice and Values in Ireland: A summary of European Values Study 4th wave data" (PDF). Catholicbishops.ie. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  42. ^ "Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations". Gallup.com. Gallup Inc. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  43. ^ "Survey finds religion as least important factor in Irish people's lives". www.irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  44. ^ "Report finds religion is least important issue in Ireland". www.newstalk.com. Newstalk. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  45. ^ "Marriages 2022 Main Results - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  46. ^ Hosford, Paul (31 August 2014). "What is it like to be an atheist in Ireland?". The Journal.
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