Iskandarnameh

The Iskandarnameh (or Iskandarnamah, Iskandarnama ; "Book of Alexander"), not to be confused with the Iskandarnameh of Nizami,^[1]^[2] is the oldest Persian recension of the Alexander Romance tradition, anonymous and dated to some time between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, although recently its compilation has been placed in the eleventh century by Evangelos Venetis, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni in the court of the Ghaznavid Empire. This may have been followed by two stages of recompilation which helped to propagate the mode of rulership of Mahmud. Alexander is described as a Muslim king and prophet and is identified with the conqueror named Dhu al-Qarnayn in the Quran. This identification is also witnessed in the Arabic recensions of the Alexander romance, such as the Qissat al-Iskandar and the Qissat Dhulqarnayn. As such, he is double-horned and builds the famous Gates of Alexander against Gog and Magog.^[3]

The composition of the Iskandarnameh was influenced by earlier Persian compositions, such as the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.^[4]

Manuscripts

The Iskandarnameh is known through one manuscript, located in the private collection of Sa‘īd Nafīsī in Tehran. The manuscript was likely composed between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.^[3]

The initial and final part of the known manuscript is missing. Various clear erasures and rewritings are present. The copyist claims that the copyist of his own antigraph (Abd-al-Kâfi ebn-Abi’l-Barakât) had access to several copies of the text, including the original.^[2]

Dating

Mahmud of Ghazni is explicitly mentioned by the text, thus providing a terminus post quem for the composition of the text at minimum. One of the named copyists in the tradition may be known, Ebn-Abi’l-Barakât, who is known to have lived in the 12th century, thus providing a terminus ante quem for the dating of the text as well.^[2]

Scholarship

An edited version of the manuscript was published by Īraj Afshār first in 1964, and then again in 2008 to correct weaknesses in the earlier edition. The first substantial academic work done on the Iskandarnameh text by William Hanaway, published in his PhD dissertation in 1970. Alongside the Iskandarnameh, he studied four other pre-Safavid works of Persian prose romances: the Dārābnāma, Fīrūzshāhnāma, Samak-i ʿayyār, and the Qissa-yi Hamza.^[5]^[6] Subsequently, only sporadic papers or encyclopedic entries have been published on the work, including those by Southgate,^[7] Rubanovich,^[8]^[4] and Hanaway.^[9] The work was also the subject of the 2006 dissertation of Venetis, who published the first English translation of the work in 2017.^[10]

Translations

In 1978, Minoo Southgate produced an abridged (partial) English translation encompassing one fifth of the original text.^[11] The first complete English translation of the text was published by Venetis in 2017.^[10]

References

^ Wiesehöfer, Joseph (2011). "The 'Accursed' and the 'Adventurer': Alexander the Great in Iranian Tradition". In Zuwiyya, David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 130. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature". In Ashtiany, Mohsen (ed.). Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres. A history of Persian literature / founding editor - Ehsan Yarshater. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: I.B. Tauris. pp. 521–526. ISBN 978-1-78673-664-2.
^ ^a ^b Niẓāmī Ganǧawī, Ilyās Ibn-Yūsuf; Venetis, Evangelos (2018). The Persian Alexander: the first complete English translation of the Iskandarnāma. ILIS. London New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-78453-879-8.
^ ^a ^b Rubanovich, Julia (2022). "Telling a Different Story: Redeployment of the Narrative Alexander Tradition in a Medieval Persian Dāstān". Iranian Studies. 55 (4): 837–856. doi:10.1017/irn.2022.2. ISSN 0021-0862.
^ W. L. Hanaway. Persian Popular Romances before the Safavid Period.
^ Niẓāmī Ganǧawī, Ilyās Ibn-Yūsuf; Venetis, Evangelos (2018). The Persian Alexander: the first complete English translation of the Iskandarnāma. ILIS. London New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-78453-879-8.
^ Southgate, Minoo S. (1977). "Portrait of Alexander in Persian Alexander-Romances of the Islamic Era". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 97 (3): 278–284. doi:10.2307/600734. ISSN 0003-0279.
^ Rubanovich, Julia (1999). "The Reconstruction of a Story Telling Event in Medieval Persian Prose Romance: The Case of Iskandarnāmah". Edebiyat. 9: 215–247.
^ Hanaway, William L. "ESKANDAR-NĀMA". Encyclopedia Iranica.
^ ^a ^b Niẓāmī Ganǧawī, Ilyās Ibn-Yūsuf; Venetis, Evangelos (2018). The Persian Alexander: the first complete English translation of the Iskandarnāma. ILIS. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-879-8.
^ Southgate, Minoo S. (1978). Iskandarnamah. A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance. University of Columbia Press.

[1] Wiesehöfer, Joseph (2011). "The 'Accursed' and the 'Adventurer': Alexander the Great in Iranian Tradition". In Zuwiyya, David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 130. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.

[:12-2] Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature". In Ashtiany, Mohsen (ed.). Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres. A history of Persian literature / founding editor - Ehsan Yarshater. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: I.B. Tauris. pp. 521–526. ISBN 978-1-78673-664-2.

[:1-3] Niẓāmī Ganǧawī, Ilyās Ibn-Yūsuf; Venetis, Evangelos (2018). The Persian Alexander: the first complete English translation of the Iskandarnāma. ILIS. London New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-78453-879-8.

[:2-4] Rubanovich, Julia (2022). "Telling a Different Story: Redeployment of the Narrative Alexander Tradition in a Medieval Persian Dāstān". Iranian Studies. 55 (4): 837–856. doi:10.1017/irn.2022.2. ISSN 0021-0862.

[5] W. L. Hanaway. Persian Popular Romances before the Safavid Period.

[6] Niẓāmī Ganǧawī, Ilyās Ibn-Yūsuf; Venetis, Evangelos (2018). The Persian Alexander: the first complete English translation of the Iskandarnāma. ILIS. London New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-78453-879-8.

[7] Southgate, Minoo S. (1977). "Portrait of Alexander in Persian Alexander-Romances of the Islamic Era". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 97 (3): 278–284. doi:10.2307/600734. ISSN 0003-0279.

[8] Rubanovich, Julia (1999). "The Reconstruction of a Story Telling Event in Medieval Persian Prose Romance: The Case of Iskandarnāmah". Edebiyat. 9: 215–247.

[9] Hanaway, William L. "ESKANDAR-NĀMA". Encyclopedia Iranica.

[:0-10] Niẓāmī Ganǧawī, Ilyās Ibn-Yūsuf; Venetis, Evangelos (2018). The Persian Alexander: the first complete English translation of the Iskandarnāma. ILIS. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-879-8.

[11] Southgate, Minoo S. (1978). Iskandarnamah. A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance. University of Columbia Press.

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