Javanese numerals

Javanese numerals (Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦗꦮ, romanized: Wilaṁṅan Jawa; Old Javanese: 𑼮𑼶𑼭𑼁, romanized: wilaṁ) are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Javanese language, although Arabic numerals are also used. Javanese numerals follow the Hindu–Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world.

Javanese language is rich in numerical expressions. What is written here is the form in standard written Javanese. Spoken Javanese or dialects can take different forms.

Numerals

Basic numerals

The numerals 0–9 have independent and modifier forms. The modifiers are used to form powers of 10 or modify the sum of object. In some cases, there is more than one word for a numeral reflecting the Javanese register system: ngoko (low-register) and krama (high-register).

Numeral		Independent		Modifier
Javanese	Latin	Ngoko	Krama	Ngoko	Krama
꧐	0	das	-	-	-
꧑	1	siji	satunggal	sa-	-
꧒	2	(lo)ro	kalih	rong	kalih
꧓	3	tĕlu	tiga	tĕlung	tigang
꧔	4	(pa)pat	sakawan	patang	sakawan
꧕	5	lima	gangsal	limang	gangsal
꧖	6	ĕnĕm	-	ĕnĕm	-
꧗	7	pitu	-	pitung	-
꧘	8	wolu	-	wolung	-
꧙	9	sanga	-	sangang	-

Teen, tween, and thirty numerals

Like English, Javanese has compound forms for the teens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root wĕlas and the tweens on likur.

Especially for numerals between 30 and 40, there are two formats: proper form and shortened form (wancahan).

Numeral	Teen		Numeral	Tween		Numeral	Thirty
Numeral	Ngoko	Krama	Numeral	Ngoko	Krama	Numeral	Proper	Shortened
11	sawĕlas	-	21	salikur	-	31	tĕlung puluh siji	beh-ji
12	ro wĕlas	kalih wĕlas	22	ro likur	kalih likur	32	tĕlung puluh (lo)ro	beh-ro
13	tĕlu wĕlas	tiga wĕlas	23	tĕlu likur	tiga likur	33	tĕlung puluh tĕlu	beh-lu
14	pat wĕlas	sakawan wĕlas	24	pat likur	sakawan likur	34	tĕlung puluh (pa)pat	beh-pat
15	lima wĕlas	gangsal wĕlas	25	salawe	salangkung	35	salapan	beh-ma
16	ĕnĕm wĕlas	-	26	ĕnĕm likur	-	36	tĕlung puluh ĕnĕm	beh-nĕm
17	pitu wĕlas	-	27	pitu likur	-	37	tĕlung puluh pitu	beh-tu
18	wolu wĕlas	-	28	wolu likur	-	38	tĕlung puluh wolu	beh-wo
19	sanga wĕlas	-	29	sanga likur	-	39	tĕlung puluh sanga	beh-nga

Powers of 10

When basic numbers are combined with powers of 10, the modifier is applied. The table below uses the modifier of one (sa-) as an example.

Power notation	Name		International notation^[1]	Short scale Western (long scale Western)
Power notation	Javanese	Latin	International notation^[1]	Short scale Western (long scale Western)
10⁰	ꦱꦶꦗꦶ	siji	1	One
10¹	ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ	sapuluh	10	TenSI prefix: deca-
10²	ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀	saatus	100	One hundred SI prefix: hecto-
10³	ꦱꦲꦶꦮꦸ	saiwu	1,000	One thousand SI prefix: kilo-
10⁴	ꦱꦊꦏ꧀ꦱ	salĕksa	10,000	Ten thousand
10⁵	ꦱꦏꦼꦛꦶ	sakĕthi	100,000	One hundred thousand
10⁶	ꦱꦪꦸꦠ	sayuta	1,000,000	One million SI prefix: mega-
10⁷	ꦱꦮꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ	sawĕndra	10,000,000	Ten million
10⁸	ꦱꦧꦫ	sabara	100,000,000	One hundred million
10⁹	ꦱꦒꦸꦭ꧀ꦩ	sagulma	1,000,000,000	One billion (one milliard) SI prefix: giga-
10¹⁰	ꦱꦕꦩꦸ	sacamu	10,000,000,000	Ten billion (ten milliard)
10¹¹	ꦱꦮꦸꦂꦝ	sawurdha	100,000,000,000	One hundred billion (one hundred milliard)
10¹²	ꦱꦏꦶꦂꦤ	sakirna	1,000,000,000,000	One trillion (one billion) SI prefix: tera-
10¹³	ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃꦏꦶꦂꦤ	sapuluh kirna	10,000,000,000,000	Ten trillion (ten billion)
10¹⁴	ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦏꦶꦂꦤ	saatus kirna	100,000,000,000,000	One hundred trillion (one hundred billion)
10¹⁵	ꦱꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩ	satutsma	1,000,000,000,000,000	One quadrillion (one billiard) SI prefix: peta-
10¹⁶	ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩ	sapuluh tutsma	10,000,000,000,000,000	Ten quadrillion (ten billiard)
10¹⁷	ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩ	saatus tutsma	100,000,000,000,000,000	One hundred quadrillion (one hundred billiard)
10¹⁸	ꦱꦠꦒ	sataga	1,000,000,000,000,000,000	One quintillion (one trillion) SI prefix: exa-

"Minus half" numerals

There are 3 words that mean "minus half of" some number. Tĕngah means minus half of 1, sasur means minus half of 10, and bĕlah means minus half of 100.

The format is ka- + basic numeral + minus half numeral. The basic numeral’s place value is decided by the minus half numeral, so the lima ("five") in kalima tĕngah (4+1⁄2) means five, while the lima in kalima sasur (45) means fifty.

For place values over 100, compounds containing bĕlah are used. Minus half of 1000 is bĕlah iwu. Minus half of 10,000 is bĕlah lĕksa.

Tĕngah		Sasur		Bĕlah
Arabic Numeral	Javanese Name	Arabic Numeral	Javanese Name	Arabic Numeral	Javanese Name
1⁄2	satĕngah	35	kapat sasur	150	karo bĕlah
1+1⁄2	karo tĕngah	45	kalima sasur	250	katĕlu bĕlah
2+1⁄2	katĕlu tĕngah	55	kaĕnĕm sasur	350	kapat bĕlah
3+1⁄2	kapat tĕngah	65	kapitu sasur	450	kalima bĕlah
4+1⁄2	kalima tĕngah	75	kawolu sasur	550	kaĕnĕm bĕlah
5+1⁄2	kaĕnĕm tĕngah	85	kasanga sasur	650	kapitu bĕlah
6+1⁄2	kapitu tĕngah	95	kasapuluh sasur	750	kawolu bĕlah
7+1⁄2	kawolu tĕngah			850	kasanga bĕlah
8+1⁄2	kasanga tĕngah			950	kasapuluh bĕlah
9+1⁄2	kasapuluh tĕngah			1,500	karo bĕlah iwu
99+1⁄2	kasaatus tĕngah			45,000	kapat bĕlah lĕksa
and so on...

Sasur is only used for thirty and above.

Fractions

Fractions are made up of numerator (modifier form) + pra- + denominator. Below is the example:

Numeral	Numerator	Denominator	Name
3⁄4	tĕlu	pat	tĕlung prapat
1⁄3	siji	tĕlu	sapratĕlu
4⁄5	pat	lima	patang pralima

Special numerals

There are several forms of numbering that do not follow the pattern above. These special numerals can be combined with the powers of 10.

Numeral	Name
Numeral	Ngoko	Krama
25	salawe	salangkung
35	salapan	-
50	saikĕt	-
60	sawidak	-
75	tĕlung lawe	-
400	samas	-
800	dhomas	-

Examples

Numeral	Javanese	English
Numeral	Javanese	Literal	Transcription
351+1⁄2	Kapat bĕlah karo tĕngah	Four hundred minus fifty and two minus one-half	Three hundred fifty-one and a half
500,075	Limang kĕthi kawolu sasur	Five kĕthi and eighty minus five	Five hundred thousand and seventy five
123,456,789	Sabahara rong wĕndra tĕlung yuta kalima belah kĕthi ĕnĕm iwu pitung atus wolung puluh sanga	One bahara two wĕndra three million five hundred minus fifty thousand and six thousand seven hundred eighty-nine	One hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine
17,000,000,000	Sacamu pitung gulma	One camu seven gulma	Seventeen billion (short scale)
6,789,000,000,000,000	Ĕnĕm tutsma pitung atus wolung puluh sanga kirna	Six tutsma seven hundred eighty nine kirna	Six quadrillion seven hundred and eighty-nine trillion

Old Javanese numerals

Old Javanese numerals have two sets of names: native names (from Austronesian) and loan names (from Sanskrit).

Old Javanese	Western Arabic	Old Javanese
Old Javanese	Western Arabic	Native	Sanskrit
𑽐	0	-	śūnya (𑼯𑼹𑼥𑽂𑼫)
𑽑	1	siji (𑼱𑼶𑼙𑼶)	eka (𑼎𑼒𑼃)
𑽒	2	rwa (𑼬𑽂𑼮) ro (𑼬𑼾𑼴)	dwi (𑼣𑽂𑼮𑼶)
𑽓	3	tĕlu (𑼡𑽀𑼭𑼸) tiga (𑼡𑼶𑼔)	tri (𑼡𑽂𑼬𑼶𑼠𑼶)
𑽔	4	pat (𑼦𑼡𑽁) pāt (𑼦𑼵𑼡𑽁)	catur (𑼗𑼡𑽂𑼮𑼴𑼬𑼷)
𑽕	5	lima (𑼭𑼶𑼪) gaṅsal (𑼔𑼁𑼱𑼭𑽁)	pañca (𑼦𑼛𑽂𑼗)
𑽖	6	nĕm (𑼥𑽀𑼪𑽁)	ṣaṭ (𑼰𑼜𑽁)
𑽗	7	pitu (𑼦𑼶𑼡𑼸)	sapta (𑼱𑼦𑽂𑼡)
𑽘	8	wwalu (𑼮𑽂𑼮𑼭𑼸) wolu (𑼮𑼾𑼵𑼭𑼸) dwalapan (𑼣𑽂𑼮𑼭𑼦𑼥𑽁)	aṣṭa (𑼄𑼰𑽂𑼜)
𑽙	9	saṅa (𑼱𑼖) salapan (𑼱𑼭𑼦𑼥𑽁)	nawa (𑼥𑼮)
𑽑𑽐	10	sapuluh (𑼱𑼦𑼸𑼭𑼸𑼃)	daśa (𑼣𑼯)

The word śūnya for zero was calqued into Arabic as صفر sifr, meaning 'nothing', which became the term "zero" in many European languages via Medieval Latin zephirum.^[2]

References

^ Use of separator in digit grouping here follows customs in most English-speaking countries. For international standards and details, see decimal mark.
^ "zero - Origin and meaning of zero by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.

Bibliography

Poerwadarminta, W.J.S. (1939). Baoesastra Djawa (in Javanese). Groningen, Batavia: J.B. Wolters' Uitgeversmaatschappij N.V.
Uhlenbeck, E.M. (1978). Studies In Javanese Morphology. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 195–228.
Zoetmulder, P.J. (1982). Old Javanese-English Dictionary. Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.

[1] Use of separator in digit grouping here follows customs in most English-speaking countries. For international standards and details, see decimal mark.

[Zero-2] "zero - Origin and meaning of zero by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.

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