Joint All-Domain Command and Control

Joint All-Domain Command and Control or JADC2 is the concept that the Department of Defense has developed to connect sensors from all branches of the armed forces into a § unified network powered by artificial intelligence.[1][2][3] These branches include the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy, as well as Space Force.

Each military branch has its initiative that contributes to JADC2; the Army has Project Convergence,[4] the Navy has Project Overmatch,[5] and the Air Force has the Advanced Battle Management System,[6][7][8] also known as ABMS.[9] The Space Force has the Space Development Agency's National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA).[10][11][12] See § Outernet

One primary application of JADC2 is a request— a call for fire (CFF).[a] Combined JADC2 is almost ready for deployment pending Congressional approval of FY2024 funding.[13][14]

Experimentation

[edit]

The DoD has held at least two critical JADC2 exercises. The first one, in Florida in December 2019, centered on a simulated threat posed by cruise missiles. This was the very first demonstration of ABMS, which took place during the exercise. Air Force and Navy aircraft (including F-22 and F-35 fighter jets), a Navy destroyer, an Army Sentinel radar system, a mobile artillery system, as well as commercial space and ground sensors, demonstrated their ability to collect, analyze, and share data in real-time to provide a more comprehensive picture of the operating environment.[15] For more information, see JADC2 at the Army's Project Convergence experiments

In July 2020, the Department of Defense carried out a second test of the JADC2 system. In the course of this exercise, planes from the Air Force communicated with naval vessels that were stationed in the Black Sea. Additionally, special operations personnel from eight other NATO nations and a simulated environment collaborated to deter a possible attack from Russia.[15]

In November 2022, ABMS experiments showed how JADC2 is really § combined arms. —Brig. Gen. Jeffery Valenzia (USAF CFT lead for JADC2) [16][17]

Infrastructure

[edit]

In 2017, a joint network (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure —JEDI) was proposed for DoD, with a single award meant for a single vendor for $10 billion. Competitive bidding was held, and an award was made but was protested by a competitor. In 2021, the award was canceled;[18] in its place, multiple vendors for an interoperable, compatible network capability with multiple awards were envisioned, by 2022. This capability (Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability —JWCC) is to be for $9 billion spread among vendors and is meant to be awarded by mid-December 2022.[19][20] Pentagon network officials began to envision JWCC as a necessary layer for JADC2.[20] In early December 2022 JWCC was awarded to Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.[21][22][23]

DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency) was embarking on upgrading its JWICS (Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System), which is top-secret; DISA was using the same vendors as for JWCC, but also including IBM. Combining the JWICS with JWCC, economies of scale allowed a cooperative project of DISA's JWICS with DoD's JWCC.[24] A Top Secret capability is being sought.[25][26]

JADC2 Services

[edit]

Decision superiority is an objective of CDAO.[27][28] By FY2023, other Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) services will be available in JADC2.[19] Raytheon BBN demonstrated its Robust Information Provisioning Layer (RIPL)[29] which connects legacy links to ABMS.

A theater-level simulation tool will share data under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), in order to visualize JADC2 scenarios.[30]

The US Army's Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) will support JADC2 as a future capability. Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) Capability Set '25 will implement JADC2,[31][32] according to the acting head of the Network CFT.[a][b]

The Air Force's Common Tactical Edge Network joins 9 contractors, exploiting AI.[36][29] Collins Aerospace demonstrated Combined JADC2 (CJADC2) in July 2022.[37][1][c][d]

The Navy's Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) environment is a training environment for naval operations, so that Navy, Air Force, and Army can train together in a unified way.[38][39]

In Large Scale Exercise 2023 from August 9 to August 18, the Navy will test the response of over 50 Navy commands spread over 22 time zones, using retired Navy admirals to simulate members of the Joint Staff, civilian leaders, and non-Navy personnel.[40][41]
For example, aboard aircraft carrier USS Eisenhower (CVN-69), inside the Combat information center (CIC), the ship's watchstanding crew can train to the events presented to them on the screens of the CIC,[42] irrespective of the physical position of USS Eisenhower during Large Scale Exercise 2023.[42] The Navy's Project Overmatch is now installed on three carrier strike groups for § Project Convergence Capstone 4, or PCC4 (2024).[43]

The following material is split from Army Futures Command

Multi-Domain Operations (MDO); Joint warfighting concept (JADC2)
Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.
  • Multi-Domain Operations (MDO):[d][c][45][46][47][48] Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-domain operations.[49][50][51][52][53] Multi-domain battalions,[e] first stood up in 2019,[54][55] comprise a single unit[56][57] for air, land,[58] space,[59][60][61][62]—and cyber[63][64] domains.[65][66][64] A hypersonic-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,[67][68] possibly denoted a strategic fires battalion[69][70][71] (however I2CEWS support would likely be needed),[e] depending on the theater. In 2019, these capabilities were analyzed as part of a series of globally integrated exercises.[72][73][74] Using massive simulation[47][75] the need for a §new kind of command and control (now denoted JADC2) to integrate this firepower was explored.[58][76]
    • The ability to punch through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.[77][78][79][80] For example, the combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satellite[81] capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley.[82][Note 2] Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.[79][83]
    • For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an anti-access/area denial (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;[84] by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation, an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to defeat in detail. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.
    • In August–September 2020. at Yuma Proving Ground, the US Army engaged in a five-week exercise to rapidly merge multiple-domain capabilities. The exercise prototyped a ground tactical Network, pushing it to its limits of robustness[85] (as of 2020, 36 miles on the ground, and demonstrated 1500-mile capability above the ground, with kill chains measured in seconds) in the effort to penetrate anti-access/area denial (A2AD) with long-range fires. Longer-range fires are under development, ranging from hundreds of miles to over 1,000 miles, with yearly iterations of Project Convergence being planned.[86]
      • MDO (multi-domain operations) and JADC2 (joint all-domain command and control) thus entails:[Note 2]
        1. Penetrate phase: satellites detect enemy shooters
        2. Dis-integrate phase: airborne assets remove enemy long-range fires
        3. Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.[87]
      • Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO[c] and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.[85] In October 2020 the Chiefs agreed that Futures Command, and the Air Force's A5 office will lead a two-year collaboration 'at the most "basic levels" by defining mutual standards for data sharing and service interfacing' in the development of Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2).[88]
        • The ability of the joint services to send data from machine to machine was exercised in front of several of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in April 2021; this is a prerequisite capability for Convergence of MDO and JADC2.[89][90][91]
  • In July 2022 the 7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush called for the formation of a large office on the scale of the Joint Counter-small UAS office, but for JADC2.[92] This would coordinate,[93] and eventually reconcile requirements for JADC2 for Army’s Project Convergence, the Navy’s Project Overmatch and the Air Force’s Advanced Battle Management System.[92][94][95][96] See CDAO

In April 2023 Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 (JWC 3.0) was previewed.[97] JWC 2.0 involved '°fires, °information, °logistics, and °command and control'.[97] Released 27 August 2023, JWC 3.0 additionally involves °the ability to win in contested logistics,°information advantage, and °expanded maneuver. —ADM Christopher Grady.[98] Employment of crewed-uncrewed teaming to 'sense and make sense' of the situation, and to make that information rapidly available to the commanders will be an essential part of the Capability. Future Force Design is underway.[98][99]

On 19 September 2023 Army Contracting Command-Aberdeen Proving Ground awarded Leidos a contract to provide an electronic platform: equipment and services in support of JADC2.[100]

In February 2024 the Air Force's Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey warned that phase two of Combined JADC2, which was supposed to go forward in 2024[101] is not starting because Continuing Resolutions (CRs) do not fund new program spending —full Congressional budget approval for FY2024 is required for Combined JADC2 to go forward in 2024. From: Transformation of the United States Army#cjadc2MeetIn60days

Outernet

[edit]

Transport layer of the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA)[102] [103]

JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale". —Gen. Chance Saltzman, US Space Force[104] [105][106][107] By year-end 2025 there will be 126 Link-16 satellites operating in orbit, transmitting data in a world-wide mesh network.[108]

Notes and References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b In 2009 the US Army replaced command and control with mission command, in which the commander's intent suffices to empower subordinate unit commanders. This requires transparency of the command, and trust in the subordinates. For example, suppose the subordinate is a squad leader;[33] A forward observer (FO) in the squad requests fires (Call for fire -CFF); the CFF is a request, not an order. The fire direction center (FDC) reads back the data in 3 parts, as the forward observer sends the request:
    1. Observer identification and warning order.
    2. Target location.
    3. Description of target, method of engagement, and method of fire and control.
  2. ^ Call For Fire (CFF)[34][35]
  3. ^ a b c Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.[Note 1][Note 2]
  4. ^ a b The Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition, crisis, and armed conflict".[44]
  5. ^ a b When used in multi-domain operations, I2CEWS denotes Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare, and Space. See: ISR, or Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  1. ^ Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations (ADO)
    • "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
      • "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
    • "it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
      • All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense".
  2. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018).
    • In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the five red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
    1. Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
    2. Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
    3. Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
    4. Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
    5. Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)
  1. ^ a b Barry Rosenberg (30 Aug 2023) No service can fight on its own: JADC2 demands move from self-sufficiency to interdependency
  2. ^ Lingel, Sherrill; Hagen, Jeff; Hastings, Eric; Lee, Mary; Sargent, Matthew; Walsh, Matthew; Zhang, Li A.; Blancett, David; Zhang, Li A.; Blancett, David (2020-01-01). "Joint All Domain Command and Control for Modern Warfare: An Analytic Framework for Identifying and Developing Artificial Intelligence Applications".
  3. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 August 2019) The Fraying Edge: Limits Of The Army's Global Network
  4. ^ "Project Convergence: An Experiment for Multidomain Operations". www.csis.org. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  5. ^ Osborn, Kris (2021-11-19). "Project Overmatch: What Is Behind this Navy Warfighting Program?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  6. ^ Osborn, Kris (2022-03-09). "The Advanced Battle Management System Turns Data Into a Weapon". The National Interest. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  7. ^ Jaspreet Gill (17 Jan 2023) F-22 to be left out of Air Force’s ABMS data transfer prototype: GAO AF RCO capability release 1 for ABMS
  8. ^ "Air Force hosts service chiefs to discuss JADC2". Air Force. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  9. ^ Demarest, Colin (2022-07-05). "AT&T, 26 other companies join Air Force's $950 million JADC2 effort". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  10. ^ (2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC) About Us
  11. ^ Stew Magnuson (19 September 2019) "Details of the Pentagon New Space Architecture Revealed". www.nationaldefensemagazine.org.
  12. ^ Tim Ryan Mitchell Institute (11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space Ground Moving Target Identification (GMTI) and Air Moving Target Identification (AMTI)
  13. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (21 Feb 2024) First version of all-service battle network is 'real and ready now': Hicks
  14. ^ Demarest, Colin (22 Feb 2024) Pentagon's CJADC2 milestone is signal to China, officials say
  15. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: R. Hoehn, John (January 21, 2022). "Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2)" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  16. ^ Colin Demarest (17 Nov 2022) How the Pentagon knows when JADC2 innovations are working by introducing benchmarks: "The benchmarks include data on how technologies speed or slow decision making, how many errors are introduced, the variance among available options and potential weak spots or pitfalls" —Jeffery Valenzia.
  17. ^ Michael Marrow (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general Cropsey on C3BM
  18. ^ Andrew Eversden (6 Jul 2021) Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract delayed by Microsoft, Amazon feud
  19. ^ a b Jaspreet Gill (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon to award $9B JWCC cloud contract mid-December DISA: by FY2023 Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) — °situational awareness ; °decision support ; °command and control ; and °training support
  20. ^ a b Colin Demarest (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon closing in on $9B cloud contract award after scuttling JEDI
  21. ^ Jaspreet Gill (7 Dec 2022) Pentagon awards Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle $9B cloud contract "JWCC is a multi-vendor, multi-cloud follow up to the infamous single-source Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) contract, which was worth up to $10 billion and canceled in 2021".
  22. ^ Colin Demarest (7 Dec 2022) Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle picked for $9B JEDI successor
  23. ^ Colin Demarest (24 Aug 2022) Army IT leader pledges quicker cloud uptake in 'year of action' Lt. Gen. John Morrison, deputy chief of staff, G-6. "The Army requested $16.6 billion in cyber and IT funding for fiscal 2023, which starts Oct. 1, or more than 9% of the service’s $178 billion budget blueprint"——Raj Iyer Army CIO
  24. ^ Courtney Albon (27 Dec 2022) Pentagon, intelligence community eye cloud collaboration
  25. ^ Jaspreet Gil (14 Mar 2023) JWCC secret-level offerings coming in a few weeks: Official JWICS follow-on: "departments are layering on DevSecOps and tactical edge capabilities"
  26. ^ Colin Demarest (8 Dec 2022) Pentagon wants competition within $9B Joint Warfighting Cloud contract to bridge Classification levels
  27. ^ Colin Demarest (26 Oct 2022) Pentagon setting up office to speed JADC2 integration across military
  28. ^ David Deptula (9 Dec 2022) MAKING JOINT ALL DEMAND COMMAND AND CONTROL A REALITY
  29. ^ a b Zamone Perez and Colin Demarest (18 Nov 2022) Raytheon tests information-sharing technology with JADC2 in mind
  30. ^ David Roza (1 Sep 2023) Can This New Simulator Be a Proving Ground for JADC2? Raytheon RTX Rapid Campaign Analysis and Demonstration Environment (RCADE)
  31. ^ Andrew Eversden (9 Jun 2021) Army says 2025 tactical network will make JADC2 a reality
  32. ^ Spc. Richard Carlisi (8 Feb 2023) All-domain communications focus of AFCEA symposium on Indo-Pacific command
  33. ^ US Dept of Army; FM 6-30 Chapter 4. (16 July 1991) Call for fire (CFF)
  34. ^ Matthew Murch, Futures and Concepts Center (30 Jan 2023) Fires CDID: Supporting war-winning future readiness
  35. ^ Ryan McBeth (Aug 2022) How artillery works - Featuring the M777 Howitzer
  36. ^ Patrick Tucker (12 Swc 2022) The Physical Obstacles to the Pentagon’s Connect-Everything Vision
  37. ^ Breaking Defense (8 Dec 2022) Today's defense environment demands integrated systems, and JADC2 is no different "The key is creating intelligent gateways that connect networks and the cloud across security domains and translate data so the joint services can speak the same language".
  38. ^ Breaking Defense (8 Mar 2023) What DoD needs to make JADC2 a reality is Live, Virtual, and Constructive
  39. ^ Colin Demarest (31 Aug 2023) Why 'JADC2' needs yet another 'C', according to Pentagon officials CJADC2
  40. ^ Justin Katz (24 Jul 2023) Coping with 'tension': Navy's global exercise to pit commanders with joint force pressures
  41. ^ Justin Katz (28 Aug 2023) Inside the Navy's largest exercise: In command and under pressure Aug 9-18 2023: Large Scale Exercise 2023
  42. ^ a b Justin Katz (31 Aug 2023) Aboard the Ike as it 'teleports' to the Mediterranean for the Navy's massive exercise "It's probably one of the most dynamic and most [stressful] situations that we put our watchstanders through and our aircrew through", Rear Adm. Marc Miguez said of using LVC technology.
  43. ^ Colin Demarest (6 Mar 2024) Overmatch networking now installed on 3 carrier strike groups
  44. ^ Jen Judson (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer
  45. ^ "The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy". APG News. 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  46. ^ Anthony Small Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest, US Army, 13 March 2019
  47. ^ a b Todd South (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"
  48. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. "Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible". Breaking Defense. 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  49. ^ Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War
  50. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here's A $24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability
  51. ^ "Readiness for the 21st Century: An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  52. ^ Matthew Cox (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed
  53. ^ Army Futures Command (28 February 2020) Joint All Domain Command and Control AFC is the functional lead representing the Army in JADC2's development
  54. ^ Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion —Joe Lacdan,[http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf (6/19/2019) Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense]
  55. ^ US Army (4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific
  56. ^ Freedberg Jr, Sydney (2018-11-30). "Forget The Terminator For Future Army AI: LTG Wesley". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  57. ^ AUSA Aviation Hot Topic 2018 - PANEL 1 - Multi Domain Maneuver, retrieved 2021-12-15
  58. ^ a b Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC) (8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium Integrated fires across domains
  59. ^ Stephen Clark (8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military's secure communications satellite network Air Force's fifth AEHF (Advanced Extremely High Frequency) communications satellite
  60. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
  61. ^ John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Mann (23 April 2019) Hypersonic Weapons – A Threat to National Security Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)
  62. ^ Paul McLeary (18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors
  63. ^ Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23. www.army.mil
  64. ^ a b Mezher, Chyrine "How To Wage Global Cyber War: Nakasone, Norton, & Deasy". Breaking Defense. 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  65. ^ Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
  66. ^ "Army aligning modernization programs with other services". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  67. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service "Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  68. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
  69. ^ Jen Judson (14 Oct 2019) Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle 2019 AUSA— targets 2023 prototype
  70. ^ Judson, Jen (2019-06-05). "Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons". C4ISRNet. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  71. ^ "Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  72. ^ TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028 "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." Link moved here
  73. ^ Claire Heininger (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-domain battle
  74. ^ Mark Pomerleau (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-domain operations, what gets lost? The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs
  75. ^ Dan Gouré (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command's Report Card After Its First Year Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability
  76. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
  77. ^ Kerensa Crum CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army's modernization priorities Standoff
  78. ^ Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies’ Standoff Capabilities Summary of standoff
  79. ^ a b Army.mil "Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  80. ^ "Aviation Industry Days: Army Aviation aims for more lethal Multi-Domain Operations capability". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  81. ^ Theresa Hitchens (2 December 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests
  82. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (21 October 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal
  83. ^ "The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  84. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete
  85. ^ a b "Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  86. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 Sep 2020) Longer-Range Missiles & More AI: Project Convergence 2021 PrSM, AFATDS to F-35
  87. ^ Patrick Tucker (24 Sep 2020) Inside the Army's Fearless, Messy, Networked Warfare Experiment Murray: Army software factory will start contributing.
  88. ^ "Army, Air Force form partnership, lay foundation for CJADC2 interoperability". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  89. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 Apr 2021) New Army Lab Tests Joint Tech: Project Convergence Joint Systems Integration Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground
  90. ^ Joseph Lacdan (17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of data fabric for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army - Air Force - Navy
  91. ^ Colin Demarest (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air Force’s $950 million JADC2 contract
  92. ^ a b Jaspreet Gill (11 Jul 2022) Army acquisition exec pushes for joint JADC2 office, large-scale exercise
  93. ^ Colin Demarest (11 Jul 2022) Pentagon’s secret JADC2 plan 'evolving', official says, as lawmakers seek audit "The oversight will inform future support and is not meant to be punitive".
  94. ^ Valerie Insinna (17 Jul 2022) Air Force’s sixth-gen fighter downselect ‘not all that far away,’ says Kendall Air Force's Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) will have a private company as prime contractor, but the US government will probably be the prime contractor for integrating efforts involving collaborative combat aircraft (drones), NGAD, and AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile. —USAF Secretary Frank Kendall
  95. ^ Travis Sharp, CSBA (20 Oct 2022) JADC2 spending is sprawling. DoD should keep watch, but Let It Go. Planning, Programming, Budgeting & Execution Process (PPBE) ~ $2.2 billion to $2.6 billion in FY2023 for 30 initiatives in JADC2.
  96. ^ Colin Demarest (21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed".
  97. ^ a b Laura Heckmann (5 Apr 2023) SEA-AIR-SPACE NEWS: Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 'Definitely Coming', Official Says Heidi Shyu
  98. ^ a b Jon Harper (13 Sep 2023) US military publishes new joint warfighting doctrine Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 was released 27 Aug 2023 as Joint Publication 1, Volume 1 —Joint Warfighting. An evolving Capability.
  99. ^ Ashley Rocque (14 Sep 2023) 'Good, healthy debate': Eyeing the Indo-Pacific, Army leaders grapple with force structure shake up James Rainey
  100. ^ Jaspreet Gill (19 Sep 2023) Leidos nabs $7.9B Army tactical IT hardware contract to support JADC2 aims Leidos Intelligent Logistics Platform
  101. ^ Michael Marrow (15 Feb 2024) MADC2: Air Force CJADC2 plans 'completely hamstrung' by budget impasse, general says Luke Cropsey: "Not having a budget is quite frankly, it's killing me, because my budget was supposed to double this year"
  102. ^ Armament Facts (21 Jul 2022) How The New Hypersonic Weapons Tracking Constellation Will Work 16:45 minutes. 2 awards, each of 14 satellites due to launch in 2025.
  103. ^ Theresa Hitchens (21 Jan 2020) SDA To Demo Tracking & Targeting Satellites In 2022 Tranche0 Link-16. Summary of 7-layer architecture.
  104. ^ Theresa Hitchens (29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking
  105. ^ Theresa Hitchens (26 Apr 2023) Space Force wraps initial plan for building 'hybrid' commercial/military 'outernet'
  106. ^ Courtney Albon (26 Apr 2023) The US is rethinking national security space architecture. Is it moving fast enough? 38:21 video. Col. Eric Felt; Mr. Nicholas Eftimiades
  107. ^ Courtney Albon (26 Apr 2023) Space Force eyes 'outernet' for better data flow in orbit Space Warfighting Analysis Center (SWAC) has analyzed Transport layer needs: Col. Felt. Use mesh networking, use commercial vendors
  108. ^ Theresa Hitchens (18 Mar 2024) SDA’s data relay, missile tracking networks to be operational by end of 2025: Tournear


See also

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from John R. Hoehn. Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 2022-07-06.

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