Jubaea

Jubaea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Arecoideae
Tribe: Cocoseae
Subtribe: Attaleinae
Genus: Jubaea
Kunth
Species:
J. chilensis
Binomial name
Jubaea chilensis
Synonyms[2]
  • Cocos chilensis (Molina) Molina
  • Jubaea spectabilis Kunth
  • Micrococos chilensis (Molina) Phil.
  • Molinaea micrococos Bertero

Jubaea is a genus of palms with one species, Jubaea chilensis, commonly known in English as the Chilean wine palm or Chile cocopalm, and palma chilena[3] in Spanish. It is native to southwestern South America and is endemic to a small area of central Chile between 32°S and 35°S in southern Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Santiago, O'Higgins, and northern Maule regions.

The extinct palm tree of Easter Island belonged to this genus as well. In 1991, the Easter Island palm was placed in its own genus, Paschalococos.[4] However, this has not been widely accepted.

Growth

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In its area of natural distribution, young Jubaeas tend to grow near adult specimens, preferring also sunny and vegetated sites.[5]

The thickest well-documented Jubaea was on the estate of J. Harrison Wright in Riverside, California. Its diameter "at shoulder height" was 66 inches (1.7 m).[6] The largest of several specimens at the Adelaide (South Australia) Botanic Garden in 1889 was stated to be 6 feet (1.8 m) thick at the base.[7] A hollow (but living) Jubaea in the Ocoa Valley near La Campana National Park, Chile, is 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) thick at its base, with no apparent taper in the lower trunk.[8] The largest individual specimen of indoor plant in the world was the Jubaea chilensis at Kew Gardens, which was cut off by staff in 2014 because it grew to the top of its greenhouse.[9] Of the more than 2,600 known species of palms, Jubaea chilensis is the second most massive, exceeded only by the floodplain or river bottom variety of Borassus aethiopum.[10]

Uses

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The leaves can be used to weave baskets, and it has edible seeds, widely eaten and known as Coquito nuts. The sap can be used to make palm wine and palm syrup, although unlike other palms which can be tapped, the whole tree has to be felled; this is now restricted by legal protection.[11]

Conservation

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The species is partially protected within Chile, although pressures of human population growth and expansion of grazing areas have reduced the population of the Chilean wine palm in recent centuries.[12] The collection of its seed and their predation by common degu may also have a negative impact for the growth of new generations of Jubea.[5] The IUCN Red List considers the palm Endangered.

A recent study concluded that predation of the fruits by humans, the seeds by the exotic rat (Rattus rattus) and the young seedlings by exotic rabbits is leading to seed dispersal collapse of this species, leaving it at risk of extinction in its natural habitat.[13]

  • J. chilensis growing in habitat in Palmar El Salto, Viña del Mar, Chile
    J. chilensis growing in habitat in Palmar El Salto, Viña del Mar, Chile
  • J. chilensis growing in habitat in Palmar El Salto, Viña del Mar, Chile
    J. chilensis growing in habitat in Palmar El Salto, Viña del Mar, Chile
  • J. chilensis growing in habitat in Quebrada Rodelillo, Chile
    J. chilensis growing in habitat in Quebrada Rodelillo, Chile

History

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Charles Darwin examined these trees on visiting Chile in 1832 on the second voyage of HMS Beagle and noted:

These palms are, for their family, ugly trees. Their trunk is very large, and of a curious form, being thicker in the middle than at the base or top.[11]

— Charles Darwin

In 1843, a specimen was grown from seed at Kew Gardens, London, England, and was moved into the Temperate House in 1863, eventually growing to 19 metres (62 ft). It was believed to be the world's tallest indoor plant, until it had to be felled in 2013 because it had outgrown the space available and could not be moved. It has been replaced by seedlings from the original tree.[14]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chaparro, C.B. (2021). "Jubaea chilensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T38586A2880356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T38586A2880356.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  3. ^ "Ficha de Antecedentes de Especie: Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baill" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno de Chile. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  4. ^ Zizka, Georg (1991). "Flowering Plants of Easter Island". pp. 64–65. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  5. ^ a b Miranda, Alejandro; Hernández, H. Jaime; Bustamante, Ramiro; Díaz, E. Matías; González, L. Alberto; Altamirano, Adison (2016). "Regeneración natural y patrones de distribución espacial de la palma chilena Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baillon en los bosques mediterráneos de Chile central" [Natural regeneration and spatial distribution patterns of Chilean palm Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baillon in Mediterranean forests of Central Chile]. Gayana. Botánica (in Spanish). 73 (1): 54–63. doi:10.4067/S0717-66432016000100007.
  6. ^ Principes Vol. 1 # 2 (January 1957) p. 57.
  7. ^ James H. Veitch, Gardener's Chronicle, Vol. 6 (third series) (October 5, 1889) p. 384.
  8. ^ Chris Caradine, "A Day in Ocoa", THE PALM JOURNAL, # 143 (November 1998) p. 20 with photo.
  9. ^ "Growingontheedge.net – View topic – Jubaea chilensis". Growingontheedge.net. Archived from the original on 2023-07-23. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
  10. ^ Dr. Al C. Carder, GIANT TREES OF WESTERN AMERICA AND THE WORLD, (Madeira Park, British Columbia, Canada: Harbour Publishing, 2005) p. 130.
  11. ^ a b "Jubaea chilensis – Chilean wine palm". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  12. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008
  13. ^ Cordero, Sebastián; Gálvez, Francisca; Fontúrbel, Francisco E. (2021). "Multiple Anthropogenic Pressures Lead to Seed Dispersal Collapse of the Southernmost Palm Jubaea chilensis". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.719566. ISSN 2296-701X.
  14. ^ Otway, Beth (10 May 2018). "Scott Taylor, Temperate House Supervisor". www.pumpkinbeth.com. Retrieved 17 October 2021.

Further reading

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