July massacre

This article is about mass killing committed by the Hasina administration in 2024. For the related movement, see Student–People's uprising.

July massacre
Part of Student–People's uprising
Absentee funeral prayer for the deceased protesters on the campus of the University of Dhaka, 17 July 2024
Native nameজুলাই গণহত্যা
LocationBangladesh
Date15 July 2024 – 5 August 2024
(2 weeks and 6 days)
Attack type
Massacre
Deaths1000+ (MHFW estimate)[1]
650+ (OHCHR estimate)[2]
Injured20,000+ (including children)[a]
Victims
  • Student protesters
  • Political opposition
  • Civilians
Perpetrator
Assailants
MotiveSuppression of the Quota Reform Movement[21]
Part of a series on the
Student–People's uprising
Student–People's uprising at the University of Dhaka
History
Organisations
People
Aftermath
Deaths
Legacy

The July massacre[b] (Bengali: জুলাই গণহত্যা, romanized: Julāi Gôṇôhôtyā) was the violent suppression and mass killings in Bangladesh during the July Revolution from July 16 to August 5, 2024. Triggered by the reinstatement of a controversial quota system and widespread public dissatisfaction, the crackdown was carried out by the government led by the Awami League party, its affiliated groups such as the Chhatra League, and various law enforcement agencies such as Bangladesh Police, RAB and Research and Analysis Wing (alleged)[20]

In June 2024, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reinstated the quota system in government jobs, triggering the resurgence of the quota reform movement in early July. Following weeks of demonstrations, tensions escalated on July 15 after clashes between protesters and members of the Chhatra League. In the days that followed, law enforcement agencies, including the Police, RAB, and BGB, as well as members of the ruling party's student, youth and volunteer wings, were involved in violent confrontations with the protesters. These clashes resulted in numerous deaths, including among protesters, law enforcement personnel, party members, bystanders, and children. By early August, the violence had resulted in substantial casualties, with estimates of fatalities ranging from two hundred to one thousand, and thousands more reported injured.

Despite the significant loss of life, Hasina's government denied responsibility, attributing the violence to other factors. The events of July 2024 have since been widely scrutinized, with varying views on their impact on Bangladesh's sociopolitical landscape.

Background

Further information: 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement

The massacre was a significant event in the political spectrum of Bangladesh, and part of the ongoing unrest that began in mid-2024.[30] The Supreme Court's decision to reinstate a 30% job quota for descendants of freedom fighters sparked initial protests as the decision reversed reforms from 2018 made in response to the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement.[31] This decision led to widespread dissatisfaction, particularly among students who felt that the quota system limited merit-based opportunities.

The protests, initially centered on opposing the quota system,[32] quickly spread nationwide, driven by broader public concerns about the government's management of the economy, allegations of corruption, human rights issues, and a perceived lack of democratic channels for change.[33]

In response to the protests, the government, led by the Awami League, ordered the closure of all educational institutions[34] and deployed security forces nationwide, including the Police, RAB, and BGB.[35] Additionally, some ministers and members of the Awami League reportedly influenced its affiliated organizations,[36] such as the Chhatra League (the student wing), the Jubo League (the youth wing), and the Swechasebak League (the volunteer wing), to take measures against the protesters.[37][38] These actions included the use of lethal force, with reports indicating that members of these groups were involved in incidents resulting in the deaths of several protesters, many of whom were students.[39]

As the situation escalated, the government imposed a nationwide shoot-at-sight curfew[40] and enacted an extensive blackout of internet and mobile connectivity,[41] effectively isolating Bangladesh. Social media platforms like Facebook, TikTok, and WhatsApp were blocked to disrupt the protestors' ability to organize and communicate.[42]

Massacre

Police procession at Shahbag, Dhaka.

On July 16, 2024, five people were killed during clashes between protesters and police in the 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement.[43]

In July 2024, approximately 46 unidentified bodies were buried in Dhaka's Rayerbazar graveyard. Graveyard workers reported a rise in these burials starting from July 19, although the cemetery's official records did not document these unidentified individuals.[44]

In August 2024, it was reported that 78% of the fatalities sustained lethal bullet wounds.[45] According to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, the massacre resulted in 650 deaths from 16 July to 11 August 2024.[2][46][28] However, in an interview, Home Affairs adviser M Sakhawat Hossain indicated that the actual death toll may be closer to 1,000.[47] There is conflicting information regarding the reported number of deaths.

The Anti-discrimination Students Movement reported that 266 individuals died between July 16 and July 25.[28] However, Prothom Alo reported that 624 people died between July 16 and August 16, with 354 of those deaths occurring before the resignation of Sheikh Hasina. Among the total reported deaths, 66 were children.[29] Additionally, certain reports have also indicated that among the deceased, 117 were associated with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and 87 with the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[48]

In August 2024, an incident occurred near Ashulia Police Station in Savar, where a video surfaced showing police officers piling up dead bodies on a van.[49] The footage went viral on social media, leading to widespread outrage and demands for accountability.[50] The video depicts several bloodstained bodies, partially covered with bedsheets, being placed on a van by individuals wearing police vests and carrying firearms.[51] The event was believed to have occurred on August 5, 2024, following the resignation of Sheikh Hasina.[52][53]

In response to the viral video, the Dhaka District Police formed a four-member committee to investigate the incident.[54] Led by Additional Superintendent of Police Sajadur Rahman, the committee was tasked with verifying the authenticity of the video and identifying those responsible.[55] Although, the police have acknowledged the presence of the officers at the scene, they have refrained from disclosing their names, pending further steps in the investigation.

Superintendent of Police Ahmad Mueed stated that the investigation is ongoing, and if human rights violations are confirmed, actions will be taken against those involved, regardless of their rank.[56] The Cybercrime team has been engaged to aid in verifying the footage and gathering evidence.[57]

Documents from Dhaka Medical College and Hospital indicated that 1,700 people were admitted during the protests, with 98 reported deaths. However, doctors and hospital officials suggested that over 100 people died at the hospital, with many not officially recorded. Additionally, several bodies with bullet wounds were forcibly taken by families before autopsies could be conducted.[58]

Controversies

RAB Bell 407 helicopter shooting at the protesters.

There were reports alleging that the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) fired at protesters from helicopters during the unrest.[59] On July 18, RAB utilized helicopters to evacuate police personnel from the campus of the Canadian University of Bangladesh. Some protesters claimed that shots were fired from the helicopters, resulting in the deaths of ten children.[60] RAB, however, denied these accusations, stating that only tear gas and sound grenades were deployed from the helicopters.[59]

Additionally, questions were raised regarding the death of 11-year-old Shafkat Samir on July 19, with some attributing it to a bullet fired from a helicopter. RAB refuted this claim, explaining that the trajectory and speed of the bullet did not correspond with such an incident.[61]

A report published on August 11, 2024, indicated that obtaining accurate information about the number of fatalities during the July events was hindered by a government directive that restricted the disclosure of the exact death toll to the media.[24]

In August 2024, a video surfaced in which an unidentified police officer was heard telling former Home Minister Asaduzzaman Khan that the use of force, including lethal measures, had not been effective in dispersing the protesters.[62]

Fatalities

People gathering for the funeral of a protester in Rajshahi

Death toll

By early August 2024, the unrest resulted in a significant death toll. Initial official reports claimed 215 deaths,[63] but a United Nations investigation later confirmed that at least 650 people were killed.[2] In August, the Interim Government's Health and Welfare Adviser, Nurjahan Begum, reported that over 1,000 individuals had been killed in the uprising and more than 400 students had lost their eyesight.[1] Additionally, more than 20,000 were injured, and over 11,000 were arrested nationwide. Among the deceased were at least 32 children, according to UNICEF.[64] The exact number of casualties remains uncertain due to government restrictions on information, including reports that hospitals were barred from sharing data, CCTV footage was confiscated, and some victims were buried without identification. As of September the death toll is over one thousand.[65][66]

Select individual fatalities

Further information: List of people who died in the July massacre

Abu Sayed

Main article: Abu Sayed (student activist)

On 16 July, between 2:30 and 3:00 pm, quota reform protesters and police clashed in front of Begum Rokeya University. Police fired tear gas and baton-charged to disperse protesting students. Most of the students left while Abu Sayed remained. The police were firing rubber bullets from the opposite direction. Abu Sayed was subsequently shot four times by a police officer.[67] He died before being taken to hospital.[68][69][70]

Mir Mugdho

Main article: Mir Mugdho

On 18 July 2024, Mugdho set out to distribute food and water to the protestors. His twin brother Snigdho was planning to come with him, but Mugdho asked him not to. He began distributing food and water at 4 pm.[71] In a video recorded fifteen minutes before his death, he is seen distributing water bottles and boxes of biscuits to protestors.[72] Around 5 pm, when he was at the side of the road, he was shot at Azampur intersection in Uttara.[71][73] The bullet entered through his forehead and exited through the right side of his head.[72] His body was taken to Uttara Crescent Hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival.[71]

Golam Nafiz

Main article: Golam Nafiz

On the first day of the non-cooperation movement, Nafiz and his friends joined protests in the Farmgate–Khamarbari area. Around 4.30 p.m., Nafiz was shot by the police at the Farmgate intersection. After being wounded, fellow protesters placed him in a rickshaw in an attempt to transport him to the nearest hospital. According to rickshaw puller Noor Mohammad, Nafiz was unconscious but still alive at that time. However, members of the Chhatra League obstructed the rickshaw, causing a delay in reaching the hospital. Upon arrival, doctors declared Nafiz dead.[74][75]

Shaykh Ashabul Yamin

Yamin was a student of the computer science department at the Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) in Mirpur.[76] On July 16, 2024, amidst the escalating tensions during the quota reform protests, Ashabul went to observe the demonstrations near the Savar bus stand after offering prayers in his local neighborhood of Bank Town, Savar.[77]

Around noon, a violent confrontation broke out between the protesters and the police at the Pakija bus stand. During the clash, police fired rubber bullets and tear gas, and Ashabul was struck by several pellets in his chest.[78] He was quickly taken to Savar Enam Medical College Hospital but was pronounced dead upon arrival at around 3:00 PM.[79]

Yamin's death became a symbol of the violence that marked the protests. His name was invoked in subsequent demonstrations as a reminder of the conflict.[80] Despite official denials by the authorities, eyewitnesses confirmed the death was caused by police firing.[81]

Subsequently, a video emerged on social media showing two armed police officers forcibly removing him from the top of an armored personnel carrier to the side of the vehicle, where he was shot at close range.[82] Following the fall of the Hasina administration, A Additional Superintendent of Police from Savar, Abdullahel Kafi, was arrested in connection with Yamin's killing and was placed on a five-day remand.[83]

An anime-styled graffiti of the children who died in the massacre

Riya Gope

On July 19, 2024, Riya Gope, a six-year-old girl from the Noyamati area in Narayanganj,[84] was struck by a stray bullet while playing on the roof of her family's home during clashes related to the quota reform protests.[85] The bullet hit her in the back of the head as her father attempted to bring her inside.[86] She was taken to a local hospital and later transferred to Dhaka Medical College Hospital, where she underwent surgery.[87] After five days of treatment, Riya succumbed to her injuries.[88]

Riya was among the youngest and one of four individuals injured in the clashes that day in Narayanganj who later died.[89]

Aftermath

Reactions

The July massacre prompted significant criticism and calls for accountability. The University Teachers Network held a demonstration at the University of Dhaka, expressing concern over the violence.[27]

Protibadi Nagorik Somaj condemned the killings during the movement, describing them as a massacre and expressing doubts about the judiciary's ability to deliver impartial justice, as the inquiry commission was formed by the fifth Hasina government, which is also accused of involvement in the massacre. Some academics rejected the government-established public inquiry commission, calling for intervention from the United Nations.[90]

In Sylhet, Nagorik Alem Somaj organized a protest criticizing the killings.[25]

Sheikh Hasina, in her first public statement published through his son Sajeeb Wazed, since being ousted from power, called for an investigation into the deaths during the protests, while also asserting that the police and the Awami League were victims of "terrorist aggression."[91]

Govinda Pramanik, president of the Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance, alleged that the government had killed over 500 innocent people to maintain power, urging that the events be prosecuted at the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh.[26]

Several labor unions and organizations also criticized the killings, demanding justice for those who lost their lives during the July massacre.[92]

A protest march under the banner of Chittagong University Chhatra Dal in Chattogram demanded prosecution against Sheikh Hasina for the massacre.[93]

The Left Democratic Alliance, Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal and the Anti-Fascist Left Front criticized the Awami League government rule, urging financial compensation for the families of those killed in the protests and free medical care for the injured.[94] Similarly, the National Democratic Party demanded ৳10 million in compensation for the families of those who died during the massacre, along with a government job for at least one member of each affected family.[95]

Islami Andolan Bangladesh called for an independent tribunal to ensure justice for the victims of the massacre.[96] In addition, the People's Rights Party called for all political parties within the Grand Alliance, including Awami League, to be barred from future elections.[97]

Non-cooperation Movement and resignation of Sheikh Hasina

Main article: 2024 Non-cooperation movement

Following the intensification of the July 2024 protests, the non-cooperation movement became a major response to the government's actions. On August 4, thousands of protesters assembled at Shahbag intersection in Dhaka, using the blockade as a form of civil disobedience to demand the resignation of the government.[98] The movement aimed to disrupt normal operations and challenge the authorities.[99]

To support their cause, protesters organizers enacted a broad non-cooperation strategy. Public sector operations were significantly affected: bureaucrats and district officials abstained from their duties, and luxury stores, showrooms, shops, hotels, and restaurants were closed. Essential services such as hospitals, pharmacies, and emergency relief continued, but grocery stores operated only briefly during limited hours. Offshore transactions were halted to prevent possible smuggling of funds.[100]

The non-cooperation movement led to significant unrest. Nationwide, at least 97 people were reported dead due to confrontations, shootings, and clashes.[101] Among the fatalities were forty-four police officers, with thirteen killed at the Enayetpur police station in Sirajganj and one in Eliotganj, Comilla.[102][103] Additionally, twenty-seven police facilities were attacked and vandalized, and around one hundred police officers were injured.[104] In Dhaka, various vehicles were set on fire, including those at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.[105]

The government responded with a nationwide internet blackout starting at noon on August 4, blocking major social media platforms to limit communication and information dissemination.[106] An indefinite curfew was imposed beginning at 6:00 p.m., and all courts were closed.[107] The government also declared a three-day general holiday from August 5, during which banks and many businesses were closed.[108][109] Despite these measures, the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced plans of Long March to Dhaka campaign on August 5, prompting a further crackdown.[110]

On August 5, 2024, amid escalating protests and violence, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled the country.[111][112] The political vacuum led to immediate discussions about establishing an interim government to restore order and address the demands of the protesters.[113]

The Chief of Army Staff, Waker-uz-Zaman, convened a meeting with representatives from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Jatiya Party (Ershad), and Jamaat-e-Islami.[114] The meeting resulted in a call for the formation of an interim government within 48 hours, explicitly excluding the Awami League.[115] In subsequent developments, Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus was approached to lead the interim government. Other potential candidates included Salahuddin Ahmed, former governor of Bangladesh Bank; retired General Jahangir Alam Chowdhury; and lawyer Sara Hossain.[116] Yunus accepted the role as the chief adviser, and his nomination received support from prominent figures within the student movement.[117]

In a bid to address the ongoing crisis and to signal a shift in policy, President Mohammed Shahabuddin ordered the release of all students detained during the protests and Khaleda Zia, a former prime minister and chairperson of the BNP.[118] This decision was made unanimously at a meeting with major opposition parties and armed service leaders.[119]

On August 6, Shahabuddin dissolved the Jatiya Sangsad, responding to an ultimatum from the student movement that threatened further demonstrations.[120] He also carried out a reorganization within the Bangladesh Armed Forces and removed Chowdhury Abdullah Al Mamun as Inspector-General of the Bangladesh Police.[121]

Following these actions, Shahabuddin formally appointed Muhammad Yunus as the head of the interim government on August 7.[122] Yunus, who had been in Paris as a guest for the Olympics, returned to Dhaka on August 8 and was inaugurated along with his cabinet at the Bangabhaban.[123][124] The interim government included notable figures from the student movement, such as Nahid Islam and Asif Mahmud, as advisers, reflecting a view of addressing the demands of the protesters through a transitional period.[125]

Investigations

In response to the events of July 16, the Hasina administration appointed Justice Khandaker Diliruzzaman on July 18 to lead an investigation into the incident. Subsequently, on August 1, a three-member commission was formed, including Justices Khandaker Diliruzzaman, K. M. Zahid Sarwar, and Mohammad Showkat Ali Chowdhury, to investigate the occurrences between July 16 and 21.[126]

On August 14, Asif Nazrul, the Interim governments law adviser, announced that the crimes committed during the July massacre would be prosecuted at the International Crimes Tribunal.[23] Later, Volker Türk, the head of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, issued a press release stating that investigations into the killings during the protests would commence soon.[127]

On August 13, former Awami League MP Nizam Uddin Hazari was named as a primary suspect in a murder case related to the killing of an auto-rickshaw driver in Feni during the protests on August 4. Approximately 400 other members and officials of the Awami League were also charged, including Feni Sadar Upazila Chairman Shusen Chandra Shil, the Awami League President of the upazila, and Feni Municipality Mayor Nazrul Islam Swapan Miazi.[128]

Further, on August 14, the father of a student who was killed during the protests filed a petition at the International Crimes Tribunal. The petition called for an investigation into charges of genocide and crimes against humanity against Sheikh Hasina and nine other individuals, including the General Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League, former Road Transport and Bridges Minister Obaidul Quader, and former Minister of Home Affairs Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal, due to their roles in the crackdown on the protests.[129] The Awami League and its associated organizations were also named as accused in the petition, leading to the court initiating a formal investigation the same day. On August 15, two additional murder charges were filed against Sheikh Hasina and several of her associates related to the deaths of two individuals during the protests.[130][131]

Anisul Huq, the former Law Minister, who was later arrested on murder charges related to the quota protests, accused Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal and Obaidul Quader during his remand on August 16, of endorsing the aggressive suppression of protesters. He also criticized Sheikh Hasina for failing to grasp the seriousness of the situation during the movement.[132]

On 19 August 2024, the Bangladesh War Crimes Tribunal initiated investigations into three "mass murder" cases against Sheikh Hasina, including charges related to the killing of 450 protesters during the unrest.[133][134]

Allegations of Indian Involvement

On September 1, 2024, Bonn City-based bilingual magazine The Mirror Asia alleged in a report that, following a directive from the Hasina government on July 16 to use force against student protesters, 400 officers trained by Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) were deployed to Dhaka at the request of Sheikh Hasina and India's security advisor Ajit Doval. According to the report, these officers were involved in suppressing the movement using methods similar to those used in Kashmir and returned to Delhi on July 28. The magazine also alleged that R&AW, having been unaware of subsequent developments, was later affected by "CIA tactics" on August 5.[20][135][136][137]

On August 5, 2024, the day of Sheikh Hasina's resignation, several video clips surfaced online, showing a group of foreign armed personnel departing the country by air from Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport.[138] On September 25, Chief Prosecutor of the International Crimes Tribunal, Mohammad Tajul Islam, announced that preliminary investigations indicated the involvement of non-Bengali speaking armed officials in the massacre of protesters. The victims have alleged that these individuals were Hindi speakers.[139]

Legacy

Further information: July Shaheed Smrity Foundation
A graffiti with the name of some victims of the massacre

The Interim government established a foundation to offer social and financial support to the victims of the massacre and their families.[140] The day of Hasina's resignation, 5 August 2024 has been widely referred to as "July 36" in remembrance of July massacre.[141][142] On 23 October 2024, the Chhatra League was banned and designated as a terrorist organisation through the Anti-terrorism act by the interim government for its role in the killing and aiding of the massacre.[143]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ See references:[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
  2. ^ Sources calling it July massacre:[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

References

  1. ^ a b "More than 1,000 killed in Bangladesh violence since July, health ministry chief says". Reuters. 29 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Preliminary Analysis of Recent Protests and Unrest in Bangladesh (Report). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2024-08-16. pp. 6–7. According to available public reports by media and the protest movement itself, between 16 July and 11 August, more than 600 people were killed. Of these, nearly 400 deaths were reported from 16 July to 4 August, while around 250 people were reportedly killed following the new wave of protests between 5 and 6 August. [...] The reported death toll is likely an underestimate, as information collection has been hindered by restrictions on movement due to the curfew and the internet shutdown. Furthermore, hospitals were reportedly prevented by State authorities from providing details of those killed and injured. The majority of deaths and injuries have been attributed to the security forces and the student wing affiliated with the Awami League.
  3. ^ "রক্তাক্ত জুলাই' মুক্তির মন্দির সোপান তলে…". shohid.info (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2024-07-25. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
  4. ^ "350 injured as BCL attacks quota protesters". New Age (Bangladesh). 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024.
  5. ^ "Āhata 297 jana ḍhākā mēḍikēlē cikiṯsā nēna" আহত ২৯৭ জন ঢাকা মেডিকেলে চিকিৎসা নেন [297 injured people were treated at Dhaka Medical]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 15 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Clash involving BCL, around 250 quota protesters injured". www.dailymessenger. 15 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Clash involving BCL, quota protesters leave around 250 injured". UNB. 15 July 2024.
  8. ^ "Bangladesh students clash in job quota protests, at least 100 injured". Reuters. 15 July 2024.
  9. ^ "At least 100 wounded as Bangladesh students protest government job quotas". Al Jazeera. 15 July 2024.
  10. ^ "More than 400 injured in Bangladesh job quota rally clashes". Barron's. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  11. ^ "ফেনীতে শিক্ষার্থীদের বিক্ষোভে ছাত্রলীগের হামলা, পুলিশসহ আহত ২০". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  12. ^ "মুন্সিগঞ্জে পুলিশের উপস্থিতিতে ছাত্রলীগের হামলা, আহত-৫". Jamuna TV (in Bengali). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
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  18. ^ "Child among six shot during Shanir Akhra clash following police attack". BDNews24. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  19. ^ "Protesting students take position in Dhaka's ECB Chhatar". Prothom Alo. 2 August 2024.
  20. ^ a b c গুহ, উত্তম (1 September 2024). "'র' ও হাসিনার পরবর্তী পরিকল্পনা কী?". The Mirror Asia (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  21. ^ Parvez, Saimum (22 August 2024). What will come after the July massacre in Bangladesh?. East Asia Forum.
  22. ^ "Justice, legal accountability needed for July massacre". New Age. 6 August 2024.
  23. ^ a b "আন্তর্জাতিক অপরাধ ট্রাইব্যুনালে জুলাই গণহত্যার বিচার হবে: আইন উপদেষ্টা". The Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). 14 August 2024.
  24. ^ a b "আওয়ামী সরকারের পতনে বেরিয়ে আসবে জুলাই গণহত্যার সত্য". Naya Diganta (in Bengali). 11 August 2024.
  25. ^ a b "জুলাই গণহত্যা, নির্বিচার গুলি, গণ গ্রেপ্তার ও নির্যাতনের প্রতিবাদে সিলেটে 'গণধিক্কার' কর্মসূচি পালিত". Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). 3 August 2024.
  26. ^ a b "জুলাই গণহত্যার বিচার নিয়ে যা বললেন হিন্দু মহাজোটের সভাপতি". Independent Television (in Bengali). 16 August 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Teachers for terming killings 'July Massacre'". The Business Post, (DU Correspondent). 29 July 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
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