Kader Khan filmography
Kader Khan (22 October 1937 – 31 December 2018) was an Indian actor, comedian, screenwriter and producer in Bollywood films from the 1970s–2010s.[1]
As an actor
[edit]Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1973 | Daag | Prosecuting Attorney | Debut as an actor[1] |
1974 | Gupt Gyan | Professor #4 | |
Sagina | Anupam Dutt | [2] | |
Goonj | Police Inspector | ||
Dil Diwana | Advocate | ||
1975 | Anari | Viren | |
1976 | Noor-E-Ilaahi | Fakeer Baba | |
Zamane Se Poocho | |||
Maha Chor | |||
Adalat | Police Inspector Khan | ||
Bairaag | Superintendent of Police | [2] | |
1977 | Hunterwali 77 | Goon | |
Khoon Pasina | Thakur Zalim Singh | ||
Chhailla Babu | Scorpion (voice) | ||
Mukti | Hussain | ||
Parvarish | Supremo | [2] | |
Chor Sipahee | Munshilal | ||
Agar... If | Davar | ||
1978 | Atyachaar | Goon | |
Bhola Bhala | Nathiya (voice) | ||
Muqaddar Ka Sikandar | Darvesh Baba / Fakeer | Cameo appearance[2] | |
Shalimar | Goon | ||
Chowki No.11 | Krishna / K. K. | ||
1979 | Mr. Natwarlal | Mukhiya / Baba | |
Suhaag | Jaggi | [2] | |
Zulm Ki Pukar | Goon | ||
1980 | Room No. 203 | Goon | |
Dhan Daulat | Military Officer | Cameo appearance | |
Do Aur Do Paanch | Jagdish | ||
Lootmaar | Goon | ||
Jyoti Bane Jwala | Dharamdas | ||
Qurbani | Joe | ||
Be-Reham | P. K. | ||
Jwalamukhi | P. D. | ||
Abdullah | Military Officer | ||
Unees-Bees | Yaqub Khan | ||
Ganga Aur Suraj | Daku Vikram Singh | ||
1981 | Sadqa Kamliwale Ka | Fakeer | |
Kasam Bhawani Ki | Daaku | ||
Bulundi | Madan Teja | ||
Naseeb | Raghuvir | [2] | |
Ahista Ahista | Patron | ||
Yaarana | Johnny | ||
Shakka | Qasim Bhai | ||
Shama | Dinu 'Munshi' | Also producer | |
Fiffty Fiffty | Diwan Shamsher Singh | ||
Gehra Zakhm | Neelam Bhai | ||
Meri Aawaz Suno | Topiwala | [1] | |
Kaalia | Shyamu | ||
Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai | Shekhar Nanda | ||
Waqt Ki Deewar | Lala Kedarnath | ||
Raaz | Inspector Khan | ||
1982 | Satte Pe Satta | Narrator | Voice-over |
Vakil Babu | Goon | Cameo appearance | |
Teesri Aankh | Baba | Sagar's Guardian | |
Desh Premee | Sher Singh | [2] | |
Sanam Teri Kasam | Ramlal Sharma / Seth Manhorilal | ||
Badle Ki Aag | Shambhu / Rajaram | Double role | |
Raaj Mahal | Khan | Cameo appearance | |
Waqt-Waqt Ki Baat | Diwan Vikram Singh | ||
Samraat | Ram and Ranbir's Father | ||
Pyaar Mein Sauda Nahin | Goon | ||
Mehndi Rang Layegi | Tagore Dindayal | ||
Lakshmi | Daaku Thakur Singh | ||
Jeeo Aur Jeene Do | Daaku Sher Singh | ||
Farz Aur Kanoon | Naagraj | ||
1983 | Salam-E-Mohabbat | Goon | Guest role |
Mangal Pandey | Inspector Vijay Shukla | ||
Himmatwala | Narayandas Gopaldas | [2] | |
Mahaan | Simon | ||
Jaani Dost | Kuber / Cobra | ||
Woh Jo Hasina | Sardar | ||
Naukar Biwi Ka | Deshbandu Jagannath / Pinto / Abdul Karim | ||
Justice Chaudhury | Advocate Kailashnath | ||
Mawaali | Ajit | ||
Coolie | Zafar Khan | [2] | |
Raaste Aur Rishte | |||
Karate | Don Khan | ||
Kaise Kaise Log | Abbas Khan | ||
Chor Police | Dr. Singh | ||
1984 | Mohabbat Ka Masihaa | Goon | |
Meri Adalat | Mohan Raj | ||
Inquilaab | Party Chief Shankar Narayan | ||
Tohfa | Raghuvir Singh | ||
Ghar Ek Mandir | Dharamdas | ||
Maqsad | Naglingam Reddy | ||
Haisiyat | Ravi's Father | ||
Gangvaa | Chhote Thakur | ||
Naya Kadam | Hitler Alok Madhukar | ||
John Jani Janardhan | Gajanand 'Gajju' | ||
Yaadon Ki Zanjeer | Sher Singh | ||
Sharara | K. K. | ||
Shapath | Dharamraj | ||
Qaidi | Bansilal | ||
Mera Faisla | Jacob | ||
Maya Bazar | Cameo appearance | ||
Kanoon Meri Mutthi Mein | Daaku Sardar | Cameo appearance | |
Kaamyab | Gulaati | ||
Jeene Nahi Doonga | Narrator | Voice-over | |
Captain Barry | |||
Bad Aur Badnam | John / Marco | ||
Akalmand | Zormi | ||
1985 | Mera Jawab | Inspector Ajay | |
Sarfarosh | Dharmadhikari | ||
Tawaif | Rahim Shaikh | ||
Ramkali | Thakur Shankar Singh | ||
Mahaguru | Naagraj Darbari | ||
Balidaan | Bade | ||
Pataal Bhairavi | Mantrik Husair | ||
Ameer Aadmi Gharib Aadmi | Subhash Gaekwad | ||
Masterji | Jamnadas | ||
Wafadaar | Damdev Mahadev Rajgiri | ||
Bepanaah | Dayashankar / Daddu | ||
Geraftaar | Vidyanath | ||
Chaar Maharathi | Sulaiman | ||
Lover Boy | Sunder Lal | ||
Patthar Dil | Shaukeen Lal Chaurasia | ||
Hoshiyar | Malpani | ||
Ghar Dwaar | Shyamlal | ||
Aaj Ka Daur | Vishwapratap Gyandev Agnihotri | ||
1986 | Dilwaala | Sewakram Sitapuri | |
Swarag Se Sunder | Milawatram | ||
Locket | Thakur Veer Pratap Singh | ||
Dharm Adhikari | Shastri | ||
Muddat | Thakur Gajendra Singh | ||
Nasihat | Mohan Lal | ||
Daku Bijlee | Daku | ||
Dosti Dushmani | Nishaan | ||
Suhaagan | Masterji | ||
Singhasan | Mahamantri Bhanupratap | ||
Inteqaam Ki Aag | Kalluram | ||
Insaaf Ki Awaaz | Politician Chaurangilal Domukhiya | ||
Ghar Sansar | Girdharilal / Bankelal | ||
Aag Aur Shola | College Professor | ||
1987 | Sachi Ibadat | Goon | |
Insaniyat Ke Dushman | Jagmohan | ||
Maa Beti | Shibbu | ||
Loha | Jagannath Prasad | ||
Pyaar Karke Dekho | Sampat Srivastav | ||
Tera Karam Mera Dharam | Inspector Sinha | ||
Majaal | Advocate Chaudhary Kailashnath | ||
Khudgarz | Advocate Batliwala | ||
Sindoor | Advocate Dharamdas | ||
Hifazat | Buddhiram | ||
Himmat Aur Mehanat | Trilok Chand | ||
Insaf Ki Pukar | Inspector Imaandaar | ||
Watan Ke Rakhwale | Raj Puri | ||
Naam O Nishan | Thakur Jarnail Singh / Jaspal Singh | ||
Jawab Hum Denge | Janardan | ||
Ghar Ka Sukh | Mani Prasad | ||
Besahara | Nawab Rahim Khan | ||
Apne Apne | Samrat | ||
1988 | Som Mangal Shani | Noora Seth | |
Geeta Ki Saugandh | Sher Khan | ||
Bijlee Aur Toofan | Abdul Bhai | ||
Dariya Dil | Dhaniram | ||
Shahenshah | DCP Anand Kumar Srivastava | ||
Pyar Ka Mandir | Dr. Bhuleshwarchand Bhooljanewala | ||
Shukriyaa | Narrator | ||
Kasam | Nathu | ||
Kab Tak Chup Rahungi | Gangua | ||
Charnon Ki Saugandh | Chandi Das | ||
Woh Milie Thi | John | ||
Sherni | Thakur Dharampal Singh | ||
Shoorveer | Natwarlal Sharafat Chand | ||
Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani | Mr. Dhanraj | ||
Waqt Ki Awaz | Sikander Lal Thakkar | ||
Soorma Bhopali | Mad Engineer | Cameo appearance | |
Khoon Bhari Maang | Heeralal | ||
Biwi Ho To Aisi | Kailash Bhandari | ||
Ganga Tere Desh Mein | Sewaram | ||
Paigham | Daaku | ||
Sone Pe Suhaaga | Bashir Ahmed | ||
Saazish | Dr. Kalidas | ||
Pyaar Mohabbat | Seth Dhaniram | ||
Mulzim | Jago Rajwal | ||
Mar Mitenge | Pasha | ||
Inteqam | Narayan | ||
Bhed Bhav | Fakeer Baba | Cameo appearance | |
Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani | Ghadbad | ||
1989 | Izhaar | Villain | |
Vardi | Lalchand / Balkishan | ||
Gair Kaanooni | Deepak Dalaal | ||
Bade Ghar Ki Beti | Munimji | ||
Nishane Bazi | Police Officer | ||
Billoo Baadshah | Thanthan Tiwari | ||
Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharni | Gangaram Verma | ||
Paraya Ghar | Kudrat | ||
Dost | Buddhi | Sher's Nephew | |
Sikka | Daruka | ||
Kala Bazaar | Kimtilal | ||
Kanoon Apna Apna | Bhushannath 'Dharmendra' Bhadbole | ||
Chaalbaaz | Fake Beggar | Cameo appearance | |
Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga | Villain | ||
Teri Payal Mere Geet | C.I. Jhanjhotia | ||
Hum Bhi Insaan Hain | Dharampal | ||
Awara Zindagi | Vilain | ||
1990 | Meri Lalkaar | Top Singh Hawaldar | |
Majboor | Teli Ram / Chameli ram | ||
Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri | Raman | [1] | |
Sher Dil | Shobraj / Lobhraj | ||
Apmaan Ki Aag | Retd. Col. Suryadev Singh | ||
Shera Shamshera | Daaku | ||
Shandar | Rai Bahadur Arjun Chaurasia | ||
Qayamat Ki Raat | |||
Pyar Ka Karz | Havaldar / Sub-Inspector Nakedar Subedar Thandedar Sapotdar | ||
Pyar Ka Devta | Pritam | ||
Muqaddar Ka Badshaah | Inspector Gulshan | ||
Jawani Zindabad | Balmukut Mama Banarasi | ||
Kishen Kanhaiya | Munshi | ||
Ghar Ho To Aisa | Bajrangi / Bajrangi's Father | ||
1991 | Princess from Kathmandu | Comedian | |
Hum | General Rana Pratap Singh / Chittor | Double role | |
Khoon Ka Karz | Champaklal / Hitler Champaklal / Ravan Champaklal | ||
Karz Chukana Hai | Atmaram | ||
Ramwati | Hawaldaar | ||
Do Matwale | Gorakhnath | ||
Nachnewale Gaanewale | Jaggu | ||
Swarg Yahan Narak Yahan | Jagatram | ||
Indrajeet | Minister Sadachari | ||
Saajan | Rajiv Verma | ||
Yaara Dildara | Police Inspector | ||
Trinetra | Shyaam | ||
Sapnon Ka Mandir | Maula Baba | ||
Phoolwati | Hawaldaar | ||
Ghar Parivar | Munshi | ||
Ganga Jamuna Ki Lalkaar | Daaku | ||
1992 | Rajoo Dada | Don Jwala | |
Meri Janeman | Makkhan Lal | ||
Dil Hi To Hai | Thakur Karan Singh | ||
Vansh | Havaldar Imandar | ||
Mera Dil Tere Liye | Principal Sinha | ||
Suryavanshi | Baba | ||
Parasmani | Daku Ibrahim Khan / Baba Malang | ||
Basanti Tangewali | Police Inspector / Khan | ||
Tyagi | Choudhry Gangaprasad Dayal | ||
Ganga Bani Shola | Police Commissioner | ||
Bol Radha Bol | Jugnu | ||
Honeymoon | Dhaniram | ||
Humshakal | D.D. / Devi Dutt / Dard Ka Dariya | ||
Angaar | Jahangir Khan | [1] | |
Ghar Jamai | Pyarelal | ||
Kamsin | Chacha Ji | ||
Daulat Ki Jung | K.K. Topji / Sher Khan | ||
Umar 55 Ki Dil Bachpan Ka | Dhaniram / Maniram | ||
Nagin Aur Lootere | Thief | ||
Maa | Ravikant | ||
Kasak | Hasmukh Sharma | ||
Insaaf Ki Devi | Advocate Kanooni Lal | ||
Ganga Ki Vachan | Daaku | ||
1993 | Apaatkaal | ||
Kayda Kanoon | Mirza Lucknowi | ||
Badi Bahen | Ram | ||
Rang | Mahadev Singh | ||
Dil Hai Betaab | Parshuram | ||
Gurudev | Inspector Khan | ||
Hum Hain Kamaal Ke | Pitambar | ||
Dil Tera Aashiq | Naseeb Kumar | ||
Aulad Ke Dushman | Ahuja | ||
Dhanwan | Jagmohan Chopra | ||
Shatranj | Dharamraj D. Verma | ||
Zakhmo Ka Hisaab | Gyaani | ||
Meherbaan | Biku | ||
Jeevan Ki Shatranj | Havaldar No.100 | ||
Dosti Ki Saugandh | Kader Khan | ||
Chahoonga Main Tujhe | Seth Pyaare Lal | ||
Aashik Awara | Jaggu | ||
Aankhen | Hasmukh Rai/Hasmukh's twin brother | Double role[3] | |
1994 | Rakhwale | Police Commissioner | |
Raja Babu | Kishan Singh | ||
Prem Shakti | Romeo | ||
Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se | Hardwari Lal | ||
Saajan Ka Ghar | Uncle | ||
Pehla Pehla Pyar | Dharam Pal / Streetside Vendor / Grocer | Multiple roles | |
Mohabbat Ki Arzoo | Dr. Anand | ||
Aatish | Kadar Bhaai | ||
Eena Meena Deeka | Dabba (Beggar) | ||
Aag | Tolaram | ||
Main Khiladi Tu Anari | DCP / Constable Ramlal | ||
Ghar Ki Izzat | Ram Kumar | ||
Mr. Azaad | Hiravat Mishra | ||
Khuddar | Kanhaiyalal | ||
Chhoti Bahoo | Durga's Husband | ||
Andaz | Magan Lal | ||
1995 | The Don | Chaprasi Rajaram / Principal Amarnath / Prof. Raghav | |
Taqdeerwala | Yamraj | ||
Anokha Andaaz | Kadar Khan | ||
Taaqat | Master Dinanath | ||
Coolie No. 1 | Choudhry Hoshiarchand Shikarpuri Bakulwala | [2] | |
Hulchul | Chachaji | ||
Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India! | Bidder | ||
Veer | Agarwal / Advocate Vishwanath | ||
Yaraana | Rai Saheb | ||
Diya Aur Toofan | Gyaneshwar | The genius who gave the idea of Brain Transplant | |
Vartmaan | Professor | ||
Surakshaa | Manager | ||
Jallaad | Kamalnath/K.K. | ||
1996 | Sindoor Ki Holi | Inspector Munne Khan | |
Saajan Chale Sasural | Mr. Khurana | ||
Maahir | Jailor | ||
Rangbaaz | Judge Kapoor / Father Kanhaya | ||
Sapoot | Mr. Singhania | [4] | |
Chhote Sarkar | Jagmohan / ACP Chandra Bedi | ||
Ek Tha Raja | Lalchand Dogra | ||
Bhishma | Jaunpuri | ||
Aatank | D'Costa | ||
1997 | Allah Meharban To Gadha Pehalwan | Havaldaar Imaandar Singh | |
Judaai | Kaajal's Father | ||
Judwaa | Sharma Ji | ||
Hero No. 1 | Dhanraj Malhotra | [2] | |
Banarasi Babu | Mr. Chaubey | ||
Zameer | Astrologer Ram Prasad | ||
Tarazu | Khan Hindustani | ||
Ek Phool Teen Kante | Kidnapper Khopadi | ||
Hameshaa | Raju's Chacha | ||
Deewana Mastana | Marriage Registrar | ||
Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi | Badri Prasad | ||
Bhai | Inspector Lalit Kapoor | ||
Shapath | Chaurasiya | ||
Sanam | Khan Bahadur | ||
Naseeb | Master Chaban | ||
Daadagiri | Dinanath | ||
1998 | Maha-Yuddh | Chacha Sohan Lal | |
Aag Aur Tezaab | Conman | ||
Jaane Jigar | Ghanshayam | ||
Aunty No. 1 | Rai Bahadur Behl | [2] | |
Mard | Minister Gulam Kalim Azad | ||
Gharwali Baharwali | Hiralal Verma | [2] | |
Dulhe Raja | K.K. Singhania | ||
Bade Miyan Chote Miyan | Waiter / Kadar Bhai | ||
Hero Hindustani | Topi | ||
Kudrat | Dada Ji | ||
Tirchhi Topiwale | Sanam's dad | ||
Phool Bane Patthar | Choudhry Bhavani Singh / Dadhu | ||
Mere Do Anmol Ratan | Major Bhagawat Singh | ||
1999 | Sikandar Sadak Ka | Mr. Dilchasp | |
Aa Ab Laut Chalen | Sardaar Khan | ||
Anari No. 1 | K.K. | [2] | |
Sooryavansham | Major Ranjit Singh | ||
Rajaji | Sarpanch Shivnath | ||
Haseena Maan Jaayegi | Seth Amirchand | [2] | |
Hindustan Ki Kasam | Dr. Dastoor | ||
Sanyasi Mera Naam | Bhootnath | ||
Jaanwar | Singer at Temple | ||
Sirf Tum | Phone Booth Operator | ||
Nyaydaata | Yaadram | ||
2000 | Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge | Mr. Oberoi | |
Krodh | Balwant | ||
Joru Ka Ghulam | Dyaneshwarprasad Pitamber | ||
Kunwara | Vishwanath Pratap Singh | ||
Dhadkan | Singer (Dulhe Ka Shehra song) | ||
Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa | Mr. Oberoi | ||
Billa No. 786 | Sufi Singer | ||
2001 | Ittefaq | Gujjumal Hiranandani | |
Dial 100 | Kamal Bihari | ||
2002 | Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya | Babban Miyan | |
Badhaai Ho Badhaai | Ghuman Singh Rathod | ||
Yeh Hai Jalwa | Purshottam Mittal | ||
Akhiyon Se Goli Maare | Akhendra "Topichand" Bhangare/Rana Bishambharnath | ||
Waah! Tera Kya Kehna | Murrari | ||
Jeena Sirf Merre Liye | Mahendra Malhotra | ||
Chalo Ishq Ladaaye | Kokibhai | ||
Sindoor Ki Saugandh | Majid Shola / Inspector Asli Tandoor Khan | ||
Angaar: The Fire | Doctor K.K. | ||
2003 | Basti | Narrator | |
Parwana | Ismailbhai Muskurahat | ||
Fun2shh | Bhaleram / Goatherd | ||
2004 | Kaun Hai Jo Sapno Mein Aaya | Kuldeep Khanna | |
Suno Sasurjee | Raj K. Saxena | ||
Mujhse Shaadi Karogi | Mr. O.B. Duggal | [1] | |
2005 | Lucky | Doctor | [1] |
Khullam Khulla Pyaar Karen | Goverdhan | ||
Koi Mere Dil Mein Hai | Vikram Malhotra | ||
2006 | Family | Kalim Khan | [1] |
Jigyaasa | Nand Kishore | ||
Umar | Iqbal Khan | [2] | |
2007 | Undertrial | Advocate Ravi Vishnoi | |
Old Iss Gold | Jayprakash Mital | ||
Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega | Kiran's Dad | ||
2008 | Mehbooba | Advocate Sahid | |
Deshdrohi | Abdul – Fruit vendor | ||
2013 | Desh Pardesh | Dada | Bhojpuri Film |
Deewana Main Deewana | Basant's Dad | ||
2015 | Hogaya Dimaagh Ka Dahi | Ishwar Singh Chauhan |
Producer
[edit]- Shama (1981)
Screenwriter
[edit]- Jawani Diwani (1972)[2]
- Rafuchakkar (1972)[2]
- Khel Khel Mein (1972)[2]
- Benaam (1974)
- Roti (1974)[2]
- Amar Akbar Anthony (1977)[2]
- Khoon Pasina (1977)[2]
- Dharam Veer (1977)[2]
- Parvarish (1977)[2]
- Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978)[2]
- Suhaag (1979)[2]
- Mr. Natwarlal (1979)
- Abdullah (1980)
- Yaarana (1981)
- Desh Premee (1982)[2]
- Lawaaris (1982)[2]
- Khud-Daar (1982)
- Namak Halaal (1982)
- Coolie (1983)[2]
- Kaamyab (1984)
- Maqsad (1984)
- Qaidi (1984)
- Sharaabi (1984)
- Hoshiyar (1985)
- Balidaan (1985)
- Mahaguru (1985)
- Aaj Ka Daur (1985)
- Singhasan (1986)
- Swarag Se Sunder (1986)
- Watan Ke Rakhwale (1987)
- Majaal (1987)
- Hifazat (1987)
- Hatya (1988)
- Waqt Ki Awaz (1988)
- Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati (1988)
- Khoon Bhari Maang (1988)
- Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii (1989)
- Dost (1989)
- Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri (1990)
- Honeymoon (1992)
- Angaar (1992)
- Shatranj (1993)
- Ghar Ki Izzat (1994)
- Taqdeerwala (1995)
- Diya Aur Toofan (1995)
- Coolie No. 1 (1995)
- Saajan Chale Sasural (1996)
- Bhai (1997)
- Aunty No. 1 (1998)[2]
- Hero Hindustani (1998)
Television
[edit]Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1997–1998 | Mr. Dhansukh | Dhansukh/Mansukh | Double role[5] |
2000 | Hasna Mat | Various characters | [6] |
2011 | Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi? | Ram Bharose | [7] |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Bokhari, Salim (10 June 2016). "Khans who rule contemporary Bollywood". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad N, Patcy (1 January 2019). "The Kader Khan interview you must read". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ^ Chandra, Anupama (15 July 1993). "'Aankhen may become a box-office classic'". India Today. New Delhi: Living Media India Limited. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
Then, there is Kader Khan's twin brother who lives in a village with his son (Govinda again) and everything that can go wrong, does.
- ^ "Rediff On The Net, Movies: Sapoot". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ "Kader Khan to apperar in a new TV serial called Mr Dhansukh". India Today. New Delhi: Living Media. 29 September 1997. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ Khosla, Mukesh (6 August 2000). "Kader Khan is here to make you laugh -The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television". Tribune India. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ Khan, Kader (2 February 2011). "'I missed Bollywood a lot'" (Interview). Interviewed by Sonil Dedhia. Mumbai: Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.