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Kaibyō (怪猫, "strange cat")[1] are supernatural cats in Japanese folklore.[2] Examples include bakeneko, a yōkai (or supernatural entity) commonly characterized as having the ability to shapeshift into human form; maneki-neko, usually depicted as a figurine often believed to bring good luck to the owner; and nekomata, referring either to a type of yōkai that lives in mountain areas or domestic cats that have grown old and transformed into yōkai.
The reason that cats are often depicted as yōkai in Japanese mythology can be attributed to many of their characteristics: for example, the irises of their eyes change shape depending on the time of day; their fur can seem to cause sparks when they are petted (due to static electricity); they sometimes lick blood; they can walk without making audible sounds; their sharp claws and teeth; their nocturnal habits; and their speed and agility.[3][4]
Types
[edit]Bakeneko
[edit]
The bakeneko (化け猫, "changed cat") is a yōkai that appears in legends in various parts of Japan. Its characteristics and abilities vary, from being able to shapeshift into human form,[5][6] speak human words,[5][7] curse or possess humans,[8] and manipulate dead people,[8] to wearing a towel or napkin on its head and dancing.[5][7]
Maneki-neko
[edit]
The maneki-neko (招き猫, lit. 'beckoning cat'), or "lucky cat", is commonly depicted as a figurine, often believed to bring good luck to the owner. It is typically depicted as a calico Japanese Bobtail holding a koban coin, with a paw raised in a Japanese beckoning gesture. The figurines are often displayed in shops, restaurants, pachinko parlors, laundromats, bars, casinos, hotels, nightclubs, and other businesses, generally near the entrance.
Nekomata
[edit]Nekomata (original form: 猫また, later forms: 猫又, 猫股, 猫胯) refers either to a type of cat yōkai that lives in mountain areas, or to domestic cats that have grown old and transformed into yōkai.[9]
In film
[edit]"Monster cat" or "ghost cat" films (kaibyō eiga or bake neko mono) are a subgenre of Japanese horror films featuring kaibyō, derived primarily from the repertoire of kabuki theatre.[10] The subgenre first gained popularity prior to World War II; its popularity declined after the war, arguably because Japanese audiences no longer believed in or feared such entities.[10] However, the subgenre experienced a resurgence of popularity in the 1950s and 1960s due to actress Takako Irie appearing in "monster cat" film roles.[10] Films featuring depictions of kaibyō include:
- Arima Neko (1937)[11][12]
- The Ghost Cat and the Mysterious Shamisen (1938)[12][13]
- Ghost Cat of Nabeshima (1949)[14][15]
- Ghost of Saga Mansion (1953)[15]
- Ghost-Cat of Arima Palace (1953)[15]
- Ghost Cat of the Okazaki Upheaval (1954)[15]
- The Ghost Cat of Ouma Crossing (1954)[15]
- Ghost-Cat of Gojusan-Tsugi (1956)[16]
- Ghost Cat of Yonaki Swamp (1957)[17]
- Ghost-Cat Wall of Hatred (1958)[16]
- Black Cat Mansion (1958)[15][18]
- The Ghost Cat of Otama Pond (1960)[18]
- Kuroneko (1968)[18]
- The Ghost-Cat Cursed Pond (1968)[19]
- Blind Woman's Curse (1970)[15]
- A Haunted Turkish Bathhouse (1975)[20]
- House (1977)[21]
References
[edit]- ^ Macalanda, Dana (28 October 2017). "'Kaibyo: The Supernatural Cats of Japan': Traditionally spooky felines". The Japan Times. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ Davisson, Zack (2017). Kaibyō: The Supernatural Cats of Japan. Chin Music Press Inc. ISBN 978-1634059169.
- ^ 笹間1994年、125–127頁。
- ^ 古山他2005年、156–161頁。
- ^ a b c 松谷1994、171–174頁。
- ^ 松谷1994、194–207頁。
- ^ a b 松谷1994、214–241頁。
- ^ a b 鈴木1982年、446–457頁。
- ^ 多田 (2000)、170–171頁。
- ^ a b c Curran, Sato-Rossberg & Tanabe 2015, p. 30.
- ^ Dannery, Letizia (31 May 2018). "Enfer et damnation au Quai Branly". L'Express (in French). Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ a b Fujiki, Hideaki; Phillips, Alastair, eds. (2020). The Japanese Cinema Book. British Film Institute. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-8445-7678-4.
- ^ Sharp 2011, p. 86.
- ^ Tombs, Pete (1998). Mondo Macabro: Weird & Wonderful Cinema Around the World. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 169. ISBN 978-0312187484.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sharp 2011, p. 87.
- ^ a b Sharp 2011, p. 122.
- ^ Sharp 2011, p. 87, 122.
- ^ a b c McDonagh, Maitland (17 October 2011). "Kuroneko: The Mark of the Cat". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ Marak, Katarzyna (2014). Japanese and American Horror: A Comparative Study of Film, Fiction, Graphic Novels and Video Games. McFarland & Company. p. 101. ISBN 978-0786496662.
- ^ 一柳廣孝; 吉田司雄 (2006). ナイトメア叢書 [Nightmare Series] (in Japanese). Vol. 3. 青弓社. p. 129. ISBN 9784787291813.
- ^ Stephens, Chuck (26 October 2010). "House: The Housemaidens". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
Bibliography
[edit]- Curran, Beverley; Sato-Rossberg, Nana; Tanabe, Kikuko, eds. (2015). Multiple Translation Communities in Contemporary Japan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-83170-4.
- Sharp, Jasper (2011). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810857957.
- 笹間良彦 (1994). 図説・日本未確認生物事典. 柏書房. ISBN 978-4-7601-1299-9.
- 多田克己 (2000). 京極夏彦・多田克己編 (ed.). 妖怪図巻. 国書刊行会. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6.
- 鈴木棠三 (1982). 日本俗信辞典 動・植物編. 角川書店. ISBN 978-4-04-031100-5.
- 古山桂子他 (2005). 播磨学研究所編 (ed.). 播磨の民俗探訪. 神戸新聞総合出版センター. ISBN 978-4-343-00341-6.
- 松谷みよ子 (1994). 現代民話考. Vol. 10. 立風書房. ISBN 978-4-651-50210-6.