Kamchatka brown bear

Kamchatka brown bear
Russian: камчатский бурый медведь

Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[2] (Kuril Islands)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species:
U. arctos
Subspecies:
U. a. beringianus
Trinomial name
Ursus arctos beringianus
Middendorff, 1851
Ursus arctos beringianus range map.
Synonyms

kolymensis Ognev, 1924
mandchuricus Heude, 1898
piscator Pucheran, 1855

The Kamchatka brown bear (Ursus arctos beringianus), also known as the Far Eastern brown bear, or in Russian: камчатский бурый медведь, romanized: kamchatsky bury medved, is a subspecies of brown bear native to the Russian Kamchatka Peninsula.

Description

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Captive bear with cub at Tierpark Hagenbeck, Germany

The Kamchatka brown bear is the biggest brown bear in Eurasia,[3] with a body length of 2.4 m (7.9 ft) to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall on hind legs, and a weight up to at least 650 kg (1,430 lb).[4][5] It is about the size of the Kodiak bear; however, the skull is broader than that of the Ussuri brown bear,[6] and compared to that of the Kodiak bear, the breadth of the skull is much greater in proportion to its length, the anterior narial opening is much shorter, and the molars differ in relative size and form.[7] The greatest skull length for males is 40.3–43.6 cm (15.9–17.2 in), and they are 25.8–27.7 cm (10.2–10.9 in) wide, while the skulls of females measure 37.2–38.6 cm (14.6–15.2 in) in length and 21.6–24.2 cm (8.5–9.5 in) in width. Fur colour is predominantly dark brown with a violet tint. Light coloured individuals are rarely encountered.[4]

Distribution

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It is native to the Anadyrsky District, the Kamchatka Peninsula, Karaginskiy Island, the Kuril Islands, the coastal strip west of the Sea of Okhotsk southward to the Stanovoy Range, and the Shantar Islands in the Far East. Outside the former Soviet Union, the subspecies occurs in Saint Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea.[4] It is closely related to one clade of brown bears in Alaska and northwest North America, and is thought to be the ancestor of the Kodiak bear.[6]

Behaviour and ecology

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Bear near Dvuhyurtochnoe Lake

In the summer period, they feed on blueberries, crowberries, humpback salmon, and steelhead. In autumn, they eat nuts from nut-pines and mountain ash, and fish. In times of famine they eat dead fish or marine mammals, berries, and graminoid vegetation.[4]

Relationship with humans

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Bear passing by people at Kurile Lake

Kamchatka brown bears are generally not dangerous to humans. During a study on the animal, one researcher found only 1% of his 270 encounters with Kamchatka brown bears resulted in attack.[8] The first Europeans who went to Kamchatka in the 19th century, although surprised by the number and size of bears there, observed that they were relatively harmless, compared to their Siberian counterparts.[9] However, in July 2008, a platinum-mining compound in the Olyutorsky District of Kamchatka Krai was besieged by a group of 30 starving bears who killed two guards.[10]

Trophy hunting

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Kamchatka brown bears are among the most prized trophies for the Russian hunting industry. In 2005 the Kamchatka Department of Wildlife Management issued 500 hunting permits. Clients paid up to $10,000 to hunt bears. Thus, the economic impacts from recreational hunting of Kamchatka brown bears are significant. The recreational hunting of Kamchatka Brown Bears has led to endangerment of the species in Russia[3]

References

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  1. ^ Facility, Global Environment (2 May 2011). Defying Extinction. Global Environment Facility. ISBN 9781884122972.
  2. ^ "IUCN Brown Bear subspecies status". Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  3. ^ a b John Snyder; Bernard Stonehouse, eds. (2007). Prospects for polar tourism. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-247-3.
  4. ^ a b c d V. G. Heptner; N. P. Naumov, eds. (1998). Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)]. Vol. II, Part 1a. Washington, D.C., USA: Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 1-886106-81-9.
  5. ^ "For the First Time in the World Body Weight of Wild Brown Bear to be Reliably Determined on Kamchatka". Russian Geographical Society. 25 October 2021. According to available data, average weight of an adult male is 350 – 400 kg. At the end of the hyperphagia period it can exceed 600 kg.
  6. ^ a b McLellan, B. N.; Reiner, D. (1994), A review of bear evolution (PDF), vol. 9, International Conference Bear Res. and Management, pp. 85–96, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-09, retrieved 2011-09-26
  7. ^ Robert Rausch, On The Status Of Some Arctic Mammals (PDF), archived from the original (pdf) on 2012-02-19, retrieved 2011-09-26
  8. ^ Revenko, I. A. (1994), Brown bear (Ursus arctos piscator) reaction to humans on Kamchatka (PDF), vol. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia: Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, pp. 107–108, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-19, retrieved 2011-09-26{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ^ "The Kamchatka Brown Bear". Kamchatkapeninsula.com. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  10. ^ Harding, Luke (2008-07-23). "Bears eat two workers in remote Russian region". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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