Kassapa Buddha

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Kassapa Buddha
South-facing Kassapa Buddha, Ananda Temple, Myanmar
Sanskrit	काश्यप Kāśyapa
Pāli	कस्सप Kassapa
Burmese	ကဿပ ([kaʔθəpa̰])
Chinese	迦葉佛 (Pinyin: Jiāshè Fó)
Japanese	迦葉仏（かしょうぶつ） (romaji: Kashō Bosatsu)
Khmer	ព្រះពុទ្ធកស្សបោ Preah Puth Kassapao
Korean	가섭불 (RR: Gaseop Bul)
Mongolian	ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ Гашив Gashiv
Sinhala	කාශ්‍යප බුදුන් වහන්සේ (kashyapa budun vahansē)
Thai	พระกัสสปพุทธเจ้า Phra Kassapa Phutthachao
Tibetan	འོད་སྲུང་ Wylie: 'od srung THL: ösung
Vietnamese	Phật Ca Diếp
Information
Venerated by	Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana
Preceded by Kanakamuni Buddha Succeeded by Gautama Buddha
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Kassapa Buddha (Pāli), is one of the ancient Buddhas whose biography is chronicled in chapter 24^[1] of the Buddhavaṃsa, one of the books of the Pali Canon. He was the previous Buddha of this aeon before the present Gautama Buddha, though Kassapa lived long before him.

According to Theravāda Buddhist tradition, Kassapa is the twenty-seventh of the twenty-nine named Buddhas, the sixth of the Seven Buddhas of Antiquity, and the third of the five Buddhas of the present kalpa.^[2]

The present kalpa is called a mahabhadrakalpa (great auspicious aeon). The five Buddhas of the present kalpa are:^[3][4]

1. Kakusandha (the first Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
2. Koṇāgamana (the second Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
3. Kassapa (the third Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
4. Gautama (the fourth and present Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
5. Maitreya (the fifth and future Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)

Kassapa was born in Isipatana Deer Park. This place is located in Varanasi, a city in the modern-day state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. His parents were the Brahmadatta and Dhanavatī.

According to legend, his body was twenty cubits high, and he lived for two thousand years in three different palaces. They are Hamsa, Yasa, and Sirinanda.^[1] (The BuA.217 calls the first two palaces Hamsavā and Yasavā). His chief wife was Sunandā, who bore him a son named Vijitasena.

Kassapa gave up his worldly life travelling in his palace.^{[further explanation needed]} He practiced austerities for only seven days. Just before attaining enlightenment, he accepted a meal of milk-rice from his wife and grass for his seat from a yavapālaka named Soma. His Bodhi tree (the tree under which he attained enlightenment) was a banyan, and he preached his first sermon at Isipatana to an assembly of monks who had renounced the world in his company.

Kassapa performed the Twin Miracle at the foot of an asana tree outside Sundar Nagar. He held only one assembly of his disciples; among his most famous conversions was that of Nāradeva, a Yaksha. His chief disciples among monks were Tissa and Bhāradvāja, and among nuns were Anulā and Uruvelā, his attendant being Sabbamitta. Among his patrons, the most eminent were Sumangala and Ghattīkāra, Vijitasenā, and Bhaddā.

Kassapa died at the age of sixteen thousand years, in the city of Kashi, in the Kashi Kingdom (now known as Varanasi, in the modern-day Indian state of Uttar Pradesh).^[1] Over his relics was raised a stupa one league in height, each brick of which was worth one crore (ten million) rupees.

In Kashi (Varanasi) where the Buddha Kassapa passed, a stupa was built to honour his place of passing and to house his relics. Initially, there was a great difference of opinion on what should be the size of the stupa and of what material it should be built. Construction of the stupa was begun after these issues were finally settled. But then the citizens found they lacked sufficient funds to complete the stupa. An anāgāmi devotee named Sorata travelled throughout the human world of Jambudvipa, requesting money from the people for the completion of the stupa. He sent the money as he received it, and on hearing that the work was completed, he set out to go and worship the stupa. He was said to be possibly seized by robbers and murdered in the forest, which later came to be known as the Andhavana.^{[citation needed]}

The Great Jarung Kashor Stupa, that was built in the present day Boudhanath, Kathmandu, Nepal, is the renowned stupa constructed by a mother, known as Little Purna and Samvari, and her four sons as a support for the dharmakaya that enshrines relics of the Buddha Kassapa.^[5] It was completed in seven years, then consecrated by the sons who made aspirations to be reborn in Tibet in order to bring and propagate the Buddha's teachings within the northern lands. The sons were reborn as King Trisong Detsen, Khenpo Shantarakshita, Guru Padmasambhava, and the king's minister Nanam Dorje Dudjom.^[5]

The Boudha Stupa was renovated in 2015 after the earthquake, and reconsecrated when the relics of the Shakyamuni Buddha, together with other auspicious substances, were added to the reliquary.^[6]

At the Varanasi stupa, the Upavāna, in a previous birth, became the guardian deity of the stupa, hence his great majesty in his last life (DA.ii.580; for another source on the building of the shrine see DhA.iii.29).

Among the thirty-seven goddesses noticed by Guttila when he visited heaven was one who had offered a scented five-spray at the stupa (J.ii.256). Alāta offered āneja-flowers and obtained a happy rebirth (J.vi.227).

The cause of Mahākāśyapa's golden complexion was his gift of a golden brick to the building of Kassapa's stupa (AA.i.116).

At the same stupa, Anuruddha, who was then a householder in Varanasi, offered butter and molasses in brass bowls, which were placed without any interval around the stupa (AA.i.105).

• Bhadrakalpikasutra

• Kassapa, der Pali Kanon des Theravāda-Buddhismus