Ibn Saud

This article is about Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the first king of Saudi Arabia. For his ancestor who is also called Ibn Saud, see Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin. For the Ottoman ruler of the same name, see Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire.
In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Saud.

Ibn Saud
Imam of Nejd
Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Official portrait, 1940s
King of Saudi Arabia
Reign23 September 1932 – 9 November 1953
Bay'ah23 September 1932
PredecessorPost established
SuccessorSaud
Emir/Sultan/King of Nejd
Reign13 January 1902 – 23 September 1932[note 1]
PredecessorAbdulaziz bin Mutaib (as Emir of Jabal Shammar)
SuccessorHimself (as King of Saudi Arabia)
King of Hejaz
Reign8 January 1926 – 23 September 1932[note 1]
PredecessorAli bin Hussein
SuccessorHimself (as King of Saudi Arabia)
Born(1875-01-15)15 January 1875
Riyadh, Nejd
Died9 November 1953(1953-11-09) (aged 78)
Shubra Palace, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
Burial
Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Spouses
See list
Issue
among others...
See list
Names
Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud
HouseHouse of Saud
FatherAbdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd
MotherSara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
Occupation
  • Tribal chieftain
  • religious leader
  • politician[note 2]
Military career
Allegiance Saudi Arabia
Battles / wars

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن بن فيصل بن ترکي بن عبدالله بن محمد بن سعود; 15 January 1875[note 3] – 9 November 1953), known in the Western world mononymously as Ibn Saud (Arabic: ابن سعود; Ibn Suʿūd),[note 4] was an Arab political and religious leader who founded Saudi Arabia – the third Saudi state – and reigned as its first king from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been Emir, Sultan, and King of Nejd, and King of Hejaz.[1]

Ibn Saud was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd, and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. The family were exiled from their residence in the city of Riyadh in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Nejd in 1922, then conquered the Hejaz in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for Islamic revivalists would greatly bolster pan-Islamism across the Islamic world.[2] Concording with Wahhabi beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the Al-Baqi Cemetery and the Jannat al-Mu'alla.[3] As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He fathered many children, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of 2024.

Early life and family origins

[edit]
His father, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd.

The Al Saud family had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the Arabian Peninsula in the form of the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, until its destruction by an Ottoman army in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War in the early nineteenth century.[4]

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh.[5][6] He was the fourth child and third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal,[7] one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh.[8] Ibn Saud's mother was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi[9] of the Sudairi family.[10] She died in 1910.[11] His full-siblings were Faisal, Noura, Bazza, Haya and Saad.[12] He also had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages,[13] including Muhammad, Abdullah, Ahmed, and Musaid, who all had roles in the Saudi government.[14] Ibn Saud was taught Quran by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh.[15]

Exile and recapture of Riyadh

[edit]

In 1891, the House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid conquered Riyadh. Ibn Saud was 15 at the time.[16] He and his family initially took refuge with the Al Murrah, a Bedouin tribe in the southern desert of Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months.[17] Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed briefly. The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait[18] where they settled and lived for nearly a decade.[17] Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah and frequently visited his majlis. His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral and unorthodox.[7]

On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his half-brother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them Abdullah bin Jiluwi), set out on a raiding expedition into the Nejd, targeting mainly tribes associated with the Rashidis.[19] On 12 December they reached Al Ahsa and then proceeded south towards the Empty Quarter with the support from various tribes.[19] Upon this Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani and to the Ottoman governor of Baghdad asking their help to stop Ibn Saud's raids on the tribes loyal to Al Rashid.[19] These events led to a decrease in the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture Riyadh.[19] However, Ibn Saud did not cancel the raid and managed to reach Riyadh. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the city walls on tilted palm trees and took the city.[19][20] The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi[19] in front of his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the third Saudi State.[21]

Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah sent him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's younger brother Saad.[19] Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence in the palace of his grandfather, Faisal bin Turki.[22]

Rise to power

[edit]
See also: Unification of Saudi Arabia
Territorial evolution of the Third Saudi State (1902–1932)
Ibn Saud's signature in a document to Eqab bin Muhaya
Ibn Saud with Percy Cox and Gertrude Bell during the Arab Revolt, Basrah, 1916
Ibn Saud alongside captured weapons from the Rashidi Emirate after its surrender during the Ha'il campaign of 1921

Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.[23]

In 1904, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named qaimmaqam of southern Nejd by the Ottomans[24] which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed.[25] Ibn Saud's victory in Rawdat Muhanna, in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and Qassim by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.[26]

Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912.[17] He then founded the Ikhwan, a military-religious brotherhood, which was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local Salafi ulema.[17] In the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to settle the nomadic pastoralist bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan.[17]

In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from the British.[27] However, due to the outbreak of World War I, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him.[27] The British agent, Captain William Shakespear, was well received by the Bedouin.[28] Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into the Treaty of Darin in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state.[29] In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.

The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Emir of the Hejaz, by sending T. E. Lawrence to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons Abdullah and Faisal entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the Jeddah conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month.[30] After World War I Ibn Saud received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed.

The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by Eqab bin Mohaya, the head of the Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met Percy Cox, British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries[31] and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between British India and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the Suez Canal.[31]

Ibn Saud sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered Jeddah in 1925

In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of Hashemite rule. Following this he issued the first decree which was about the collection of zakat.[32] On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz[33] and the bayaa (oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the Great Mosque of Mecca.[34]

Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927.[35] On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam.[36]

Letter of Ibn Saud to the UK head of Persian Gulf 1930

With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central Arabian Peninsula, but the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down the problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including Faisal Al Duwaish, Sultan bin Bajad and Dhaydan bin Hithlain, Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting.[37] Tensions finally boiled over when the Ikhwan rebelled. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the Battle of Sabilla in March 1929.[38]

The Ikhwan army during their revolt against the alliance of the British Empire, Kuwait and Ibn Saud

On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king.[39] He transferred his court to Murabba Palace from the Masmak Fort in 1938[40] and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.[41]

Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.[23]

Oil discovery and his rule

[edit]
Ibn Saud with a foreigner in the 1930s

Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by SoCal, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933.[42] Through his advisers St John Philby and Ameen Rihani, Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.[citation needed]

Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought a great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[citation needed] With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the Hajj, the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship.[43]

Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son Prince Faisal.[44]

Foreign wars

[edit]

Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with Rashed Al-Khuzai from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein.[45]

In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the Saudi-Yemeni War.[46] This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British Rolls-Royce armoured cars and French Renault FT-17 tanks – between Arab states.[46][47]

In 1935 Prince Rashed supported Izz ad-Din al-Qassam's defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality.[45][48][49][50]

Charity works

[edit]

Ibn Saud's charity earned him respect among his people. The King would direct money to be handed to the impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the poor would eagerly anticipate his appearance in villages, towns, and even the desert.[51][52]

"O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give you in the Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" an elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered that she be given ten bags of money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having trouble bringing the money back to her home, so he had his aid service deliver the money and accompany her back to her home.[53] Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside of Riyadh when he came across an elderly man dressed in rags. The old man proceeded to stand up in front of the King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it is terribly cold, and I have no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's condition, removed his cloak and gave it to him. He also offered the elderly man a stipend to help him with his everyday costs.[11]

Due to the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house known as the "Thulaim" or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to the poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his aid to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given to them on an annual basis.[54] The King said, "I haven't obtained all this wealth by myself. It is a blessing from Allah, and all of you have a share in it. So, I want you to guide me to whatever takes me nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness."[55]

Later years

[edit]
Ibn Saud converses with U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) in 1945 through interpreter Colonel Bill Eddy, on board the USS Quincy, after the Yalta Conference. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy (left) watches.
Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946
King Farouk of Egypt and Sudan alongside Ibn Saud checking an Egyptian army unit in 1946.

Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the Allies.[56] However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the Kingdom of Iraq was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.[57] It was reported that he had been disfavoring the British as of 1937.[58]

In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945.[59] The meeting took place on board USS Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake segment of the Suez Canal.[59] The meeting laid down the basis of the future relations between the two countries.[60] The other meeting was with British prime minister Winston Churchill in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of Cairo, in February 1945.[61] Saudis report that the meeting heavily focused on the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of its outcomes, in contrast to that with Roosevelt.[61]

After naming his son Saud as crown prince, the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in Taif.[62] His first flight was between Afif and Taif in September 1945.[63] Ibn Saud met with King Farouk during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946.[63] Ibn Saud's first official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company.[63]

Ibn Saud participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token.[56] The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians.[64] He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between the Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries.[65]

While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the Persian Gulf to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually, ARAMCO built the railway, at a cost of $70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.[66]

Personal life

[edit]
Further information: House of Saud, Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne, and Descendants of Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud (seated) with his sons Prince Faisal (left) and Prince Saud in the early 1950s
Ibn Saud (seated left) with his brother-in-law Mubarak Al Sabah[67] in Kuwait, 1910

Ibn Saud was very tall for a Saudi man of his time,[68] his height reported as between 1.67 (5 ft 6 in)[69][70] and 1.69 (5 ft 7 in).[71] He was known to have a charming, and charismatic personality that earned him respect among his people and some foreign diplomats. His family and others described Ibn Saud as an affectionate and caring man.[11]

Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts.[72] Many of his marriages were contracted in order to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Saudi state was founded and stabilized. Aside from his legal wives, he also had concubines in his harem[73] among them Baraka Al Yamaniyah, who by definition were slaves, slavery in Saudi Arabia being legal. He was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in 1924, causing him to have poor sight in one eye.[68] He later forgave her, but divorced her.[68]

One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in Life magazine in May 1943 which introduced him as a legendary monarch.[74]

Ibn Saud had a kennel for salukis, a dog breed originated in the Middle East.[75] He gave two of his salukis, a male and a mate, to British Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson who brought them to Washington D.C., USA.[75] Of them, the male named Ch Abdul Farouk won a championship in the USA.[75]

Relations with family members

[edit]

Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation. She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain the territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around 1930.[76]

Ibn Saud was also very close to his sister Noura, who was one year older. On several occasions, he identified himself in public with the words: "I am the brother of Noura."[11][76] Noura died a few years before her brother, and the King was deeply saddened by her death.[11]

Assassination attempts

[edit]

On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of Hajj.[77][78][79] He survived the attack unhurt, and the three attackers were arrested.[78][79] Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when Captain Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of Royal Saudi Air Force, tried to bomb the King's camp from an airplane.[80] The attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili escaped to Iraq with the help of tribes.[80]

Successor

[edit]

Ibn Saud's eldest son Turki, who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince.[5] Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, Prince Saud, heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son Khalid to be designated the heir.[56]

When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him.[81] However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability.[23]

Views

[edit]

Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people ... religion and the rights inherited from our fathers."[82] He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, and we know what to accept for our own benefit."[83]

Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read."[84]

Ibn Saud kept slaves,[85][86] and regulated slavery in his kingdom in 1936.[87] It was only his son, King Faisal, who abolished slavery in Saudi Arabia in 1967.[88]

Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow."[89][90] He had much more positive views about the United States, including finance, and in 1947 when the World Bank was suggested to him as the source of development loans instead of the US Export-Import Bank, Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would do business with and be indebted to the United States instead of other countries and international agencies.[91]

Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies."[92] and "In my youth and manhood, I made a nation. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it."[74] His last words to his two sons, the future King Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already battling each other, were "You are brothers, unite!"[23]

A staunch opponent of Zionism,[93] Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish jihad and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish 1929 Hebron massacre, which he considered a clear violation of Islamic principles.[94] On the other hand he often expressed his dislike for the Jews by referring to the Quran and the Hadith.[95] In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final destruction and eternal damnation".[96] For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad"[95] and "enemies of the Muslims until the end of the world."[97] In some instances he made use of antisemitic tropes, calling the Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money",[95] accusing them of "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians.[98]

Death and funeral

[edit]

Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by arthritis.[62] In October 1953, his illness became serious.[99] Before Ibn Saud slept on the night of 8 November, he recited the shahada several times, which were his last words.[11] He died in his sleep of a heart attack in Shubra Palace in Ta'if[100] on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, and Prince Faisal was at his side.[5][101]

The funeral prayer was performed at Al Hawiyah in Ta'if.[5] Ibn Saud's body was brought to Riyadh where he was buried in Al Oud cemetery[5][102] next to his sister Noura.[103]

U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November 1953.[104] U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles stated after the King's death that he would be remembered for his achievements as a statesman.[105]

State honors

[edit]
Styles of
Ibn Saud
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty

On 23 November 1916, British diplomat Sir Percy Cox arranged the Three Leaders Conference in Kuwait where Ibn Saud was awarded the Star of India and the Order of the British Empire.[106][107] He was appointed an honorary Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) on 1 January 1920.[108] He was awarded the British Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1935,[109] the American Legion of Merit in 1947,[110] and the Spanish Order of Military Merit (Grand Cross with White Decoration) in 1952.[111]

Decoration Country Date Class Ref.
The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India United Kingdom 23 November 1916 Knight Commander (KCSI) [106]
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire United Kingdom 23 November 1916 Knight Commander (KBE) [106]
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire United Kingdom 1 January 1920 Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) [108]
Order of the Bath United Kingdom 1 January 1935 Knight Commander (KCB) [109]
Legion of Merit United States 18 February 1947 Chief Commander Degree [110]
Cross of Military Merit Spain 22 April 1952 Grand Cross with White Decoration

(Gran Cruz con distintivo blanco)

[111]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Ibn Saud incorporated the kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 23 September 1932. Thereafter, he reigned as King of Saudi Arabia until his death in 1953.
  2. ^ In addition to their political role, the rulers of the Al Saud family also held religious authority over their subjects, holding the title of imam.
  3. ^ Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book The Kingdom, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561"
  4. ^ Ibn Saud, meaning "son of Saud" (see Arabic name), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a Scottish clan chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of Riyadh in 1902 it referred to his father, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal (Lacey 1982, pp. 15, 65).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ John B. Glubb (5 November 2021). "Ibn Saud". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ^ Muhamad Ali (2016). "Controlling Politics and Bureaucratising Religion". Islam and Colonialism: Becoming Modern in Indonesia and Malaya. Tun: Edinburgh University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4744-0920-9.
  3. ^ Shahi 2013, p. 51.
  4. ^ "History of Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  5. ^ a b c d e "The kings of the Kingdom". Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  6. ^ David W. Del Testa, ed. (2001). "Saūd, Abdulaziz ibn". Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1573561532.
  7. ^ a b Jacob Goldberg (1986). The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 30–33. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1. ISBN 978-0-6742-8184-4.
  8. ^ George T. Fitzgerald (1983). Government administration in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Master of Public Administration thesis). California State University, San Bernardino. p. 55.
  9. ^ Fahd Al Semmari (Summer 2001). "The King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 35 (1): 45–46. doi:10.1017/S0026318400041432. JSTOR 23063369. S2CID 185974453.
  10. ^ Mordechai Abir (April 1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (2): 150–171. doi:10.1080/00263208708700697. JSTOR 4283169.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "King Abdulaziz' Noble Character" (PDF). Islam House. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  12. ^ "نورة بنت عبد الرحمن.. السيدة السعودية الأولى". Al Bayan (in Arabic). 24 May 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  13. ^ Alexei Vassiliev (2013). King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times. London: Saqi. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-86356-761-2.
  14. ^ Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). "Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745–1975" (Master's Project). Beirut: American University of Beirut. hdl:10938/10663. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  15. ^ Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 52.
  16. ^ Wallace Stegner (2007). "Discovery! The Search for Arabian Oil" (PDF). Selwa Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d e Mohammad Zaid Al Kahtani (December 2004). The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz (PhD thesis). University of Leeds.
  18. ^ Joel Carmichael (July 1942). "Prince of Arabs". Foreign Affairs. 20 (July 1942).
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Lawrence Paul Goldrup (1971). Saudi Arabia 1902–1932: The Development of a Wahhabi Society (PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 25. ProQuest 302463650.
  20. ^ William Ochsenwald (2004). The Middle East: A History. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. p. 697. ISBN 978-0-07-244233-5.
  21. ^ Current Biography 1943', pp. 330–334
  22. ^ Douglas Carruthers (June 1922). "Captain Shakespear's Last Journey (Continued)". The Geographical Journal. 59 (6): 402. Bibcode:1922GeogJ..59..401C. doi:10.2307/1780633. JSTOR 1780633.
  23. ^ a b c d Mai Yamani (January–March 2009). "From fragility to stability: a survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". Contemporary Arab Affairs. 2 (1): 90–105. doi:10.1080/17550910802576114.
  24. ^ Peter Sluglett (December 2002). "The Resilience of a Frontier: Ottoman and Iraqi Claims to Kuwait, 1871–1990". The International History Review. 24 (4): 792. doi:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640981. JSTOR 40111134. S2CID 153471013.
  25. ^ Camille Lyans Cole; et al. (Fall 2022). "Mapping Tribes: Ottoman Spatial Thinking in Iraq and Arabia, c. 1910". Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. 9 (2): 226.
  26. ^ Abdulkarim Mohamed Hamadi (1981). Saudi Arabia' Territorial Limits: A Study in Law and Politics (PhD thesis). Indiana University. p. 60. ProQuest 303155302.
  27. ^ a b Gerd Nonneman (2002). "Saudi–European relations 1902–2001: a pragmatic quest for relative autonomy". International Affairs. 77 (3): 638. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.00211.
  28. ^ Robert Wilson and Zahra Freeth. (1983). The Arab of the Desert. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 312–13. Print.
  29. ^ John C. Wilkinson. (1993). Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert. London u.a.: Tauris, pp. 133–39. Print
  30. ^ Abdullah Mohammad Sind. "The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud". Social Sciences. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  31. ^ a b "Ibn Saud meets Sir Percy Cox in Uqair to draw boundaries". ibnsaud.info. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016.
  32. ^ Anthony B. Toth (2012). "Control and Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916–1955". Middle East Critique. 21 (1): 66. doi:10.1080/19436149.2012.658667. S2CID 144536155.
  33. ^ Clive Leatherdale (1983). Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: The Imperial Oasis. London; Totowa, NJ: Psychology Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7146-3220-9.
  34. ^ Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century (PhD thesis). Columbia University. p. 56. ProQuest 303101806.
  35. ^ Joseph Kostiner. (1993). The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-507440-8, p. 104
  36. ^ Isadore Jay Gold (1984). The United States and Saudi Arabia, 1933–1953: Post-Imperial Diplomacy and the Legacy of British Power (PhD thesis). Columbia University. p. 18. ProQuest 303285941.
  37. ^ Abdulaziz Al Fahad (2002). "The 'Imama vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State". EUI Working Papers. 11: 23. hdl:1814/1769. ISSN 1028-3625.
  38. ^ Abdullah F. Alrebh (September 2015). "Covering the Building of a Kingdom: The Saudi Arabian Authority in The London Times and The New York Times, 1901–1932". DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies. 24 (2): 187–212. doi:10.1111/dome.12073.
  39. ^ Odah Sultan (1988). Saudi–American Relations 1968–78: A study in ambiguity (PhD thesis). University of Salford.
  40. ^ "Murabba Palace Historical Centre". Simbacom. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  41. ^ "Rebirth of a historic center". Saudi Embassy Magazine. Spring 1999. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013.
  42. ^ Daniel Yergin (1991). The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Touchstone. pp. 289–292, 300. ISBN 9780671799328.
  43. ^ Cameron Zargar (2017). "Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh". Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law. 16. doi:10.5070/N4161038736.
  44. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman (30 October 2002). "Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century: III. Politics and internal stability". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  45. ^ a b المجلة المصرية نون. "المجلة المصرية نون – سيرة حياة الأمير المناضل راشد الخزاعي". Noonptm. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  46. ^ a b K S Twitchell (1934). "The Operations in the Yemen". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 21 (3): 445–49. doi:10.1080/03068373408725322.
  47. ^ May Darwich (Spring 2018). "The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status". Insight Turkey. 20 (2): 125–142. JSTOR 26390311.
  48. ^ "الشيخ عز الدين القسام أمير المجاهدين الفلسطينيين". ANN TV. 19 November 1935. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  49. ^ "جريدة الرأي ; راشد الخزاعي.. من رجالات الوطن ومناضلي الأمة". Al Rai. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  50. ^ "مركز الشرق العربي ـ برق الشرق". Asharq Al Arabi. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  51. ^ Abdullah Al Ali Al Mansour Al Zaamil. The True Account of the History of Abdul Aziz Al Saud, p. 429
  52. ^ Abdul-Hameed Al-Khateeb. The Just Imam, Part 2, pp.102–103
  53. ^ Khairuddeen Al Zarkali. Al-Wajeez, p.365
  54. ^ Fahd Al Maarik. Traits of King Abdulaziz, p.121
  55. ^ Mohammed Al Maani'. The Unification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Part 1, p.433
  56. ^ a b c A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. "World War II and Its Aftermath"
  57. ^ Time, 26 May 1941
  58. ^ Time, 3 July 1939
  59. ^ a b Rudy Abramson (9 August 1990). "1945 Meeting of FDR and Saudi King Was Pivotal for Relations". Los Angeles Times. Washington DC. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  60. ^ Bahgat Gawdat (Winter 2004). "Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism". Arab Studies Quarterly. 26 (1): 51–63. JSTOR 41858472.
  61. ^ a b "Ibn Saud meets British Prime Minister Winston Churchill". King Abdulaziz Information Resource. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  62. ^ a b "King of the Desert". Time. Vol. 6, no. 20. 16 November 1953.
  63. ^ a b c "File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia". Qatar Digital Library. 13 January 1948. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  64. ^ "King Abdulaziz archives reveal film about Saudi Army in Palestine". Arab News. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  65. ^ "Saudi Arabian move for a settlement". The Times. No. 52217. 24 January 1952. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  66. ^ Michel G. Nehme (1994). "Saudi Arabia 1950–80: Between Nationalism and Religion". Middle Eastern Studies. 30 (4): 930–943. doi:10.1080/00263209408701030. JSTOR 4283682.
  67. ^ "King Saud's Maternal ancestry". Information Source. Retrieved 3 April 2013. [Ibn Saud] married Hussa, Wadha [bint Muhammad]'s sister, after she got her divorce from Mubarak Al Sabah
  68. ^ a b c Mohammed Leopold Weiss (August 1929). "My friend Ibn Saud". The Atlantic. No. 144. Boston. ProQuest 203560415.
  69. ^ David Lamb. (1988). The Arabs: Journeys Beyond the Mirage, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0394757582 p.265
  70. ^ Kenneth Williams. (1933) Ibn Saʻud: the puritan king of Arabia, J. Cape, p. 21
  71. ^ Richard Halliburton. (2013). Seven League Boots: Adventures Across the World from Arabia to Abyssinia, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 255
  72. ^ Illahi, M. (2018). Doctrine of Terror: Saudi Salafi Religion. Australien: FriesenPress. p.119-120
  73. ^ Illahi, M. (2018). Doctrine of Terror: Saudi Salafi Religion. Australien: FriesenPress. p.119-120
  74. ^ a b Paul Reed Baltimore (2014). From the camel to the cadillac: automobility, consumption, and the U.S.-Saudi special relationship (PhD thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara. pp. 48, 91. ProQuest 1638271483.
  75. ^ a b c "Greyhound of the Desert". Aramco World. Vol. 12, no. 5. May 1961. pp. 3–5.
  76. ^ a b Stig Stenslie (2011). "Power behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud". Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea. 1 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050. S2CID 153320942.
  77. ^ Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981). H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine (MA thesis). University of Kansas.
  78. ^ a b Amin K. Tokumasu. "Cultural Relations between Saudi Arabia and Japan from the Time of King Abdulaziz to the Time of King Fahd". Darah. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  79. ^ a b Richard Halliburton (24 June 1935). "Ibn Saud, King of Arabia, Goes out from Mecca to Grant an Interview". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  80. ^ a b Rosie Bsheer (February 2018). "A Counter-Revolutionary State: Popular Movements and the Making of Saudi Arabia". Past & Present (238): 247. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtx057.
  81. ^ Paul L. Montgomery (26 March 1975). "Faisal, Rich and Powerful, Led Saudis Into 20th Century and to Arab Forefront". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  82. ^ Joseph Nevo (July 1998). "Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (3): 34–53. doi:10.1080/00263209808701231. JSTOR 4283951.
  83. ^ G. D. Van Peursem (April 1936). "Guests of King Ibn Saud". The Muslim World. 26 (2): 113. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1936.tb00862.x.
  84. ^ Amani Hamdan (2005). "Women and education in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and achievements" (PDF). International Education Journal. 6 (1): 42–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2012.
  85. ^ Bruce Riedel (2019). Kings and Presidents Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR (PDF). Brookings Institution Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780815737162. Ibn Saud had come from Jidda on an American destroyer, the USS Murphy, with an entourage of bodyguards, cooks, and slaves
  86. ^ Nicholas DeAntonis (11 March 2021). "Joe Biden is making clear that Saudi human rights violations won't be ignored". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2023. During the four-hour meeting between the President and the King, where the two discussed oil, Palestinian territories and their future partnership, "7-foot tall Nubian slaves" could be found on the opposite deck of the destroyer
  87. ^ Alaine S. Hutson (2002). "Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926–38". Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies. 11 (1): 49–70. doi:10.1080/10669920120122243. S2CID 145685854. 1936, the same year in which King Abd al Aziz ibn Abd ar Rahman Al Saud (r. 1902-53) decreed the Saudi Arabian slave regulations
  88. ^ Gabriel Marinescu (14 March 2023). "The History of the House of Saud: A Timeline of the Saudi Royal Family and Their Rise to Power". The Science Survey. Retrieved 30 September 2023. Due to pressures Faisal issued an executive order in 1967 abolishing slavery.
  89. ^ C. C. Lewis (July 1933). "Ibn Sa'ūd and the Future of Arabia". International Affairs. 12 (4): 529. doi:10.2307/2603605. JSTOR 2603605.
  90. ^ Fahd M. Al Nafjan (1989). The Origins of Saudi-American Relations: From recognition to diplomatic representation (1931-1943) (PhD thesis). University of Kansas. p. 83. ProQuest 303791009.
  91. ^ Joseph J. Malone (Summer 1976). "America and the Arabian Peninsula: The First Two Hundred Years". Middle East Journal. 30 (3): 421–422. JSTOR 4325520.
  92. ^ Steffen Hertog (2007). "Shaping the Saudi state: Human agency's shifting role in the rentier state formation" (PDF). International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (4): 539–563. doi:10.1017/S0020743807071073. S2CID 145139112.
  93. ^ Simons 1998, p. 189.
  94. ^ Ma'oz 2020, pp. 164–165.
  95. ^ a b c Ma'oz 2020, p. 164.
  96. ^ Simons 1998, p. 191.
  97. ^ Grayson 2005, p. 52.
  98. ^ Herf 2009, pp. 226–227.
  99. ^ "Warrior King Ibn Saud Dies at 73". The West Australian. 10 November 1953. Retrieved 2 April 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
  100. ^ Michael R. T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 344. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
  101. ^ Richard Cavendish (2003). "Death of Ibn Saud". History Today. 53 (11).
  102. ^ Abdul Nabi Shaheen (23 October 2011). "Sultan will have simple burial at Al Oud cemetery". Gulf News. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  103. ^ Jennifer Bond Reed (2006). The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders). New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9780791092187.
  104. ^ "Message on the Death of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  105. ^ "Western tributes to King Ibn Saud". The Canberra Times. London. 11 November 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  106. ^ a b c Mohammed Al Mutari (August 2018). "Control of al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia) and direct contact with Britain, 1910 –1916". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 5 (2): 144.
  107. ^ Gamal Hagar (1981). Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926–1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and Development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud (PhD thesis). Keele University. p. 41.
  108. ^ a b The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947. HM Stationery Office. 1947. p. 107.
  109. ^ a b Saïd K. Aburish (2005). The Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud: with an Updated Preface. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7475-7874-1.
  110. ^ a b "Truman Presents Legion of Merit Medals at White House for Their Aid to the Allies". The New York Times. 19 February 1947. ProQuest 107818801.
  111. ^ a b Boletín Oficial del Estado: Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish)

Sources

[edit]
  • Michael Oren. (2007) Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present. Norton.
  • S. R. Valentine. "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, ISBN 978-1849044646
  • Muneer Husainy and Khalid Al Sudairi. (27 November 2009). History of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai with King Abdul Aziz Al Saud. Noon. Cairo, Egypt
  • The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, and Saudi Arabia Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Arab News Network, London – United Kingdom
  • The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, The Arab Orient Center for Strategic and civilization studies London, United Kingdom.
  • John A. De Novo. (1963). American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900–1939 University of Minnesota Press.
  • Grayson, Benson Lee (2005). "Amid Problems, the American Presence Grows". Saudi Arabia. A Modern Reader. Indianapolis University. pp. 51–64.
  • Herf, Jeffrey (2009). Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World. Yale University. ISBN 978-0-300-15583-9.
  • David A. Howarth (1964). The Desert King: Ibn Saud and His Arabia. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-906527-62-7.
  • Lacey, Robert (1982). The Kingdom. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-147260-4.
  • Ma'oz, Moshe (2020). Jews, Muslims and Jerusalem. Disputes and Dialogues. Liverpool University.
  • Aaron David Miller. (1980). Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1949. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Christopher D O'Sullivan. (2012). FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137025247
  • James Parry. (January/February 1999. "A Man for our Century", Saudi Aramco World, pp. 4–11
  • H. St. J. B. Philby. (1955). Saudi Arabia.
  • George Rentz. (1972). "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed., The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics.
  • Amin al Rihani. (1928). Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia. Boston: Houghton–Mifflin Company.
  • Simons, Geoff (1998). Winberg Chai (ed.). Saudi Arabia. The Shape of a Client Feudalism. Palgrave Macillan.
  • Richard H. Sanger. (1954). The Arabian Peninsula Cornell University Press.
  • Shahi, Afshin (2013). The Politics of Truth. Management in Saudi Arabia. Routledge.
  • Benjamin Shwadran. (1973). The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, 3rd ed.
  • Gary Troeller. (1976). The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud. London: Frank Cass.
  • Karl S Twitchell. (1958) Saudi Arabia Princeton University Press.
  • Van der D. Meulen. (1957). The Wells of Ibn Saud. London: John Murray.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ibn Saud.

Media related to Ibn Saud at Wikimedia Commons

Ibn Saud
House of Saud
Born: 1875 Died: 1953
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emir of Nejd
1902–1921 		Succeeded by
Himself as Sultan of Nejd
Preceded by
Himself as Emir of Nejd
 Sultan of Nejd
1921–1927 		Succeeded by
Himself as King of Nejd
Preceded by
Himself as Sultan of Nejd
 King of Nejd
1927–1932 		Succeeded by
Himself as King of Saudi Arabia
Preceded by King of Hejaz
1926–1932
Preceded by
Himself as King of Hejaz and Nejd
 King of Saudi Arabia
1932–1953 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Head of the House of Saud
1901–1953
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&oldid=1258713614"