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| Kungurian | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronology | |||||||||||||
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| Etymology | |||||||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||||||
| Celestial body | Earth | ||||||||||||
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||||||
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||||||
| Definition | |||||||||||||
| Chronological unit | Age | ||||||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage | ||||||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | Not formally defined | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition candidates | Near FAD of the Conodont Neostreptognathodus pnevi | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s) | Mechetlino, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | FAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary GSSP | Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W | ||||||||||||
| Upper GSSP ratified | 2001[2] | ||||||||||||
In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.5 and 273.01 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian.[3]
Stratigraphy
[edit]The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of Kungur in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.[4]
The base of the Kungurian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile (a GSSP) for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the Guadalupian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella nanginkensis first appear.
The Kungurian contains three conodont biozones:
- zone of Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus
- zone of Neostreptognathodus prayi
- zone of Neostreptognathodus pnevi
Kungurian life
[edit]The Kungurian is the last stage in which many Permo-Carboniferous clades of vertebrates (Seymouria, ophiacodontids, edaphosaurids, etc.) occur in the fossil record, and the end of this stage whitnessed one of the greatest faunal turnovers of the Permian.[5] Early studies placed Olson’s Extinction just after the Kungurian,[6] but more recent studies only indicate that this possible extinction event is located around Kungurian/Roadian boundary.[7][8] Howerver, higher-resolution stratigraphic data suggest that this even is actually a slow decline over 20 Ma that started in the Sakmarian and that may have extended into the Roadian, with many lineages of early synapsids becoming extinct in the Kungurian.[9][10] However, assessment of the exact timing of these extinctions is hampered by a gap in the fossil record of continental vertebrates in the late Kungurian, at least in Texas and Oklahoma, two states that have an unparalleled fossil record of such taxa for the early to mid-Kungurian.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
- ^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
- ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Chuvashov, B.I.; Chernykh, V.V.; Leven, E.Y.; Davydov, V.I.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Glenister, B.F.; Henderson, C.M.; Schiappa, T.A.; Northrup, C.J.; Snyder, W.S.; Spinosa, C. & Wardlaw, B.R.; 2002: Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group, Permophiles 41: pp 13–16.
- ^ Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth David; Fröbisch, Jörg (2014). Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida. Dordrecht New York: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-6841-3.
- ^ Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
- ^ Brocklehurst, Neil; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Fröbisch, Jörg (12 April 2017). "Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1852): 20170231. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0231. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5394676.
- ^ Brocklehurst, Neil (10 June 2020). "Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928): 20200154. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0154. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 7341920. PMID 32517621.
- ^ Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (9 December 2021). "Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". PeerJ. 9: e12577. doi:10.7717/peerj.12577. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8667717.
- ^ Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (June 2024). "Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". Cladistics. 40 (3): 282–306. doi:10.1111/cla.12577. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 38651531.
- ^ Laurin, Michel; Hook, Robert W. (2022). "The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates: a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin. 193: 10. doi:10.1051/bsgf/2022007.
External links
[edit]- GeoWhen Database - Kungurian
- Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
