Lazar Koliševski

Lazar Koliševski
Лазар Колишевски
1st President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
In office
4 May 1980 – 15 May 1980
Prime MinisterVeselin Đuranović
Preceded byJosip Broz Tito
Succeeded byCvijetin Mijatović
6th President of the People's Assembly of PR Macedonia
In office
19 December 1953 – 26 June 1962
Prime MinisterLjupčo Arsov
Aleksandar Grlickov
Preceded byDimce Stojanov
Succeeded byLjupčo Arsov
1st President of the Executive Council of PR Macedonia
In office
16 April 1945 – 19 December 1953
PresidentMetodija Andonov - Čento
Dimitar Vlahov
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byLjupčo Arsov
1st Secretary of the League of Communists of Macedonia
In office
1945 – July 1963
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKrste Crvenkovski
Personal details
Born(1914-02-12)12 February 1914
Sveti Nikole, Kingdom of Serbia
Died6 July 2000(2000-07-06) (aged 86)
Skopje, Macedonia
NationalityYugoslav/Macedonian
Political partySKJ
AwardsOrder of the National Hero of Yugoslavia
Military service
AllegianceSFR Yugoslavia
Branch/serviceGround Forces (KoV)
Years of service1941–1980
RankMajor General
CommandsYugoslav Partisans
Yugoslav People's Army
Battles/warsWorld War II

Lazar Koliševski (Macedonian: Лазар Колишевски [ˈlazar kɔˈliʃɛfski] ⓘ; 12 February 1914 – 6 July 2000) was a Macedonian Yugoslav communist political leader in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia and briefly in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was closely allied with Josip Broz Tito.

Early years

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Koliševski was born in Sveti Nikole, Kingdom of Serbia in 1914 into a poor agrarian family. Little is known about his parents and their origins are obscure. Several sources report that Koliševski's mother was an Aromanian.[1][2] According to Kosta Tsarnushanov, a MMTRO member, his father was a Serboman.[3] Koliševski's personal Bulgarian prison card in 1941 lists both of his parents as Bulgarian.[4]

In 1915, during the First World War, the region of Macedonia was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria. His father was mobilized on the Macedonian front,[5] and during the war, both of Koliševski's parents died. Once left an orphan, after the war, when Vardar Macedonia was ceded to Serbia again, he was taken by his maternal aunts in Bitola. There he was raised up to school age and later was transferred to a state orphanage in the city, where completed his primary education. Later Koliševski was sent to a technical school in Kragujevac. Here, Lazar began to follow politics and learn about communism. Because of the political activities he was arrested and expelled from the munition factory where he worked. During the 1930s he became a prominent activist of the Yugoslav Communist Party.[6]

World War II

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Koliševski in 1944 during World War II.
Memorial plaque from communist times, commemorating the sentencing of Koliševski and four others by the "Bulgarian Fascist Occupiers" in Ohrid

As Nazi forces entered Belgrade in April 1941, Bulgaria, a German ally, took control of a part of Vardar Macedonia, with the western towns of Tetovo, Gostivar and Debar going to Italian zone in Albania. After the Bulgarians had taken control of the eastern part of the former Vardar Banovina, the leader of the local faction of Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Metodi Shatorov had defected to the Bulgarian Communist Party. The Bulgarian Communists avoided organizing mass armed uprising against the authorities, but the Yugoslav communists insisted on an armed revolt. Meanwhile, the German invasion of the Soviet Union convinced the Comintern and Joseph Stalin to decide that the Macedonian communists were to join the Yugoslav communists.

In the fall of 1941, Koliševski thus became the Secretary of the Regional Committee of the Communists in Macedonia. On the ground, he began to pursue Shatorov's sympathisers and organised several small armed detachments against the Bulgarian authorities and their local adherents. In late 1941, he was arrested and sentenced to death by a Bulgarian military court. He wrote two appeals for clemency to the Bulgarian tsar and to the defence minister.[7] There he regrets the accomplishment, insisting on his Bulgarian origin.[8][9] These documents are stored in the Bulgarian military archive in Veliko Tarnovo.[10] Later, after an intercession of the Defense Minister to the tsar, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and Koliševski was sent to a prison in Pleven, Bulgaria.[11] However, after the fall of communism, when these documents became widely known, Koliševski denied making any appeals for clemency or admission of guilt personally.[12] He claimed that his plea for mercy was written by his lawyer,[13] but in relation to the death sentence of the then Bulgarian military courts, existed only the opportunity to submit personally signed "appeal for clemency".[14] According to the Yugoslav politician Antun Kolendić, Koliševski vainly denied these facts, while he became familiar with these documents in 1946.[15] It is claimed that in 1943, he was elected in absentia as secretary of the Central Committee of the new Communist Party of Macedonia and a delegate to the AVNOJ's second session in 1943, and also to the ASNOM convened in August 1944, but those claims are disputed.[16]

In September 1944, Koliševski was freed by the new Bulgarian pro-communist government, and soon became the Chairman of the Communist Party of Macedonia, a local division of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Near the end of the war Koliševski became the Prime Minister of the Federal State of Macedonia, a federal unit of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFY). It was essentially the highest office in the Federal State of Macedonia. For his efforts in the war, Koliševski was one of the many Macedonians who were awarded with the People's Hero of Yugoslavia medal.

Yugoslavia

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Koliševski in 1964.

After World War II, Koliševski became the most powerful person in PR Macedonia and among the most powerful people in all of Yugoslavia. Under his leadership,[17] hundreds of people of Macedonian Bulgarian descent were killed as collaborationists between 7–9 January 1945.[18] Thousands of others, who retained their pro-Bulgarian sympathies, suffered severe repression as a result.[19] Kolisevski strongly supported the promotion of a distinct ethnic Macedonian identity and language in SR Macedonia.[20] Some circles were then trying to minimise ties with Yugoslavia as far as possible and promoted the independence of Macedonia. Kolishevski, however, started a policy of fully implementing the pro-Yugoslav line and took harsh measures against the opposition. He also began massive economic and social reforms. Koliševski finally brought the Industrial Revolution to Macedonia. By 1955, the capital, Skopje, had become one of the fastest-growing cities in the region and became the third-largest city in Yugoslavia. Thanks to Koliševski's reforms, the small republic that in 1945 had been the poorest area of Yugoslavia became the fastest-growing economy. After the second Five-Year Economic Plan, PR Macedonia's economy advanced rapidly.

On 19 December 1953, Koliševski retired as the Prime Minister of PR Macedonia and assumed the office of President of the People's Assembly. He became the PR Macedonian head of state, but wielded less direct political power. However, he remained the Chairman of the League of Communists of Macedonia, the Macedonian division of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which were the new names of the communist parties in Yugoslavia. He was still the most powerful person in the Republic because of his influence in the Yugoslav Communist Party. With his slow removal from politics in Macedonia, he began to travel to other nations as a Yugoslav diplomat. He made many major trips in the late 1950s and the early 1960s to Egypt, India, Indonesia and other nations that later formed the Non-Aligned Nations. The diplomatic travels showed that Koliševski was very trusted by the Yugoslav leader, Josip Broz Tito. Even after Tito had fallen out with some of his most trusted allies, Koliševski remained in his position. After the Yugoslav Constitution of 1974 was passed, Koliševski became much more influential in the Yugoslav political world. The new constitution called for a rotating Yugoslav Vice-Presidency. Koliševski was chosen by the Macedonian leadership to be the Macedonian representative to the Presidency. On 15 May 1979, Koliševski was voted by the other presidency members to become President of the Presidency and Vice President of Yugoslavia. On New Year's Day in 1980, Tito fell ill, leaving Koliševski in the role of acting leader in his absence. Tito died five months later, on 4 May 1980. Koliševski held the office of acting head of the presidency of Yugoslavia for another ten days, when the office passed on to Cvijetin Mijatović.

Republic of Macedonia

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After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Koliševski lived in Skopje, the capital of the newly-proclaimed Republic of Macedonia, and opposed the anti-Serbian and pro-Bulgarian policy of the ruling right-wing party, VMRO-DPMNE, in the late 1990s.[21] He died on 6 July 2000. Shortly after, his personal archive of 300,000 documents was given to the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences.[22] In 2002 a monument of Koliševski was erected in his birthplace by the left-wing local government.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Во врска со оваа енигма разговаравме со двајцата најекспонирани репрезенти на влашкиот етнос во Македонија, претседателот на Унијата на Власите Димо Димчев и шефот на Партијата на Власите Митко Костов-Папули. Го замоливме Димо Димчев да ни каже кој, освен Милтон Манаки и Хари Костов, бил Влав во досегашните влади, но и во другите јавни области, како што се науката, уметноста, лингвистиката, историјата, правото, итн. Димчев наредува: "Пиши! Како прв, Лазар Колишевски бил Влав по мајка. Откако останал сирак, го зеле тетките по мајчина страна – битолски Влаинки – го вдомиле во кралското сиропиталиште, а потоа го пратиле на училиште во Србија. For more see: Власи и власти.
  2. ^ Bechev, Dimitar (3 September 2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
  3. ^ Коста Църнушанов (1992) Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него. Университетско изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", стр. 227.
  4. ^ According to Kolishevski's personal card, filled by him in the Skopje prison, both of his parents and he himself are listed as Bulgarians. For more see: Билярски, Ц. Малко известни факти от живота на Лазар Колишевски – сп. "Известия на държавните архиви" – Държавна агенция Архиви, бр. 98, 2009, стр. 101–121.
  5. ^ Църнушанов, Коста. Сърбизиране на македонския казионен „литературен език“. Част втора. Македонски преглед XIV (2). 1991, стр. 21.
  6. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 117.
  7. ^ Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Author Chris Kostov, Publisher Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 13.
  8. ^ Молба за милостъ от Лазаръ Паневъ Колишевъ, затворникъ при Скопския областен сѫдъ, осѫденъ на СМЪРТЪ отъ Битолския военно-полеви сѫдъ по наказ. дѣло 133/941. по закона за защита на държавата
  9. ^ Цанко Серафимов, Енциклопедичен речник за Македония и македонските работи, 2004, Орбел, ISBN 9789544960704, стр. 149.
  10. ^ They were re-discovered in 1984 and copies of them were provided to the Central Committee of the BCP, apparently with the aim of responding to the anti-Bulgarian campaigns carried out in Yugoslavia with the participation of Lazar Kolisevski, to show that this person had another biography, of which he is ashamed and disfigured. This documentation was forwarded with a letter from the First Deputy Minister of National Defense and Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army, Colonel General Atanas Semerdzhiev, to the member of the Politburo and secretary of the Central Committee of the BCP, Milko Balev. For more: Билярски, Цочо. Малко известни факти от живота на Лазар Колишевски, Известия на държавните архиви. ISSN 0323-9780 (том 98, 2009, стр. 101–120).
  11. ^ УТРИНСКИ ВЕСНИК, Број 1475 понеделник, 16 октомври 2006. Archived 2007-08-10 at archive.today
  12. ^ Kljakic, Dragan (1994). Времето на Колишевски. Matica Makedonska. p. 109. Дали потоа поднесовте молба за помилување? – го прашав / Не, не поднесов. Ако го напривев тоа, ќе значеше дека ја признавам вината.
  13. ^ His lawyer Stefan Stefanov was liquidated by the Yugoslav communists in 1946 as a Greater Bulgarian chauvinist. For more see: Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. ISBN 9789544961022, с. 442.
  14. ^ Нова зора, Брой 32 (2013) Отродителят – „Народний херой“, Евгений Еков.
  15. ^ Koliševski does not explain how he survived and why his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. According to Kolendić, he became familiar with all these documents signed by Koliševski in 1941, as early as in 1946 in Bulgaria. All of the partisans arrested together with Koliševski, who did not sign petitions for mercy, were shot down. For more see: Антун Колендиќ, Белите дамки на македонската историја. Марксистичка интернет архива.
  16. ^ Колендиќ, Белите дамки на македонската историја. Извор/првпат објавено: "Start magazin", Zagreb, No. 537, 19.8.1989, 50–55 str. Превод: Здравко Савески, Онлајн верзија: декември 2011.
  17. ^ Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History, Volume 2, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888494, p. 293.
  18. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia by Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009; ISBN 0810855658, p. 287.
  19. ^ Who Are the Macedonians? by Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000; ISBN 1850655340, p. 118.
  20. ^ Bernard A. Cook, Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0815340575, p. 808.
  21. ^ НИН, Београд, issue 2585, 13.07.2000, Krzavac, Savo. Bravar nije voleo zlato
  22. ^ „Архивата на Лазо Колишевски до 300.000 страници во МАНУ е тајна дури и за лустраторите“, Дневник, година XVIII, број 5596, понеделник, 20 октомври 2014, стр. 2–3.
  23. ^ "Споменикот го врати Колишевски во Св. Николе". 11 October 2002.
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