Left anterior descending artery

Left anterior descending artery
Sternocostal surface of heart. Anterior descending branch labeled at upper right
Details
LocationHeart
SourceLeft coronary artery
BranchesSeptals, diagonals
SuppliesAnterolateral myocardium, apex, interventricular septum, 45–55% of the left ventricle (LV)
Identifiers
Latinramus interventricularis anterior arteriae coronariae sinistrae
Acronym(s)LAD
TA98A12.2.03.202
TA24143
FMA3862
Anatomical terminology

The left anterior descending artery (LAD, or anterior descending branch), also called anterior interventricular artery (IVA, or anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery)[1] is a branch of the left coronary artery. It supplies the anterior portion of the left ventricle.[2] It provides about half of the arterial supply to the left ventricle and is thus considered the most important vessel supplying the left ventricle.[citation needed] Blockage of this artery is often called the widow-maker infarction due to a high risk of death.[3]

Structure

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Course

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It first passes at posterior to the pulmonary artery, then passes anteriorward between that pulmonary artery and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus, along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex. In 78% of cases, it reaches the apex of the heart.[citation needed]

Although rare, multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described. These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus.[4]

Branches

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The LAD gives off two types of branches: septals and diagonals.

  • Septals originate from the LAD at 90 degrees to the surface of the heart, perforating and supplying the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum.
  • Diagonals run along the surface of the heart and supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle and the anterolateral papillary muscle.

Segments

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  • Proximal: from LAD origin to, and including, the origin of the first septal branch[5][6] (some definitions say to first diagonal, or to whichever comes first)
  • Middle: from proximal segment to halfway of remaining distance to apex.[5][6] A more technical definition is from the proximal segment to the point where the LAD forms an angle, as seen from a right anterior oblique view on angiography, which is often close to the origin of the second diagonal branch.[7]
  • Distal: from middle segment to apex,[5][6] or in some cases beyond.[7]

Function

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The artery supplies the anterior region of the left ventricle, including: the anterolateral myocardium, apex, anterior interventricular septum, and anterolateral papillary muscle.[8] The LAD typically supplies 45–55% of the left ventricle and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply.[citation needed]

Left: Critical stenosis (95%) of the proximal LAD in a patient with Wellens' Warning.
Right: The same patient after reperfusion.

Widow maker

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Further information: Wellens' sign

Widow maker is an alternative name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.[9][3] The name widow maker may also apply to the left coronary artery[10] or severe occlusions to that artery.[11][12]

This term is used because the left main coronary and/or the left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart. This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death. The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque. Even a small amount of plaque in this area can (for a variety of poorly understood reasons) rupture and cause death; bypassing chronic blockages or trying to open them up with angioplasty does not prevent heart attack but it can restore blood flow in case of a sudden blockage or heart attack and if performed within a rapid time period can minimize the damage done. An example of the devastating results of a complete occlusion of the LAD artery was the sudden death of former NBC News Washington Bureau Chief Tim Russert,[13] as well as the near-death of film director Kevin Smith.[14]

From the minute a widow maker heart attack hits, survival time ranges from minutes to several hours. Rapidly progressing symptoms should signal the need for immediate attention. Symptoms of initial onset may include nausea, shortness of breath, pain in the head, jaw, arms or chest, numbness in fingers, often of a novel but imprecise sensation which builds with irregular heart beat. Early symptoms may be mistaken for food poisoning, flu or general malaise until they intensify. A widow maker cannot kill instantly but induces cardiac arrest which may do so within 10 to 20 minutes of no circulation. A victim with no pulse or breath is still alive, living off oxygen stored in the blood and may be able to be rescued if treatment is begun promptly within this window.[15]

Additional images

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  • Coronary arteries (labeled in red text)
    Coronary arteries (labeled in red text)
  • The arch of the aorta, and its branches.
    The arch of the aorta, and its branches.
  • Heart attack
    Heart attack
  • Cardiac vessels
    Cardiac vessels
  • Human heart with coronary arteries
    Human heart with coronary arteries
  • Heart coronary territories
    Heart coronary territories

References

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Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 547 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ^ Barbey, C.; Desveaux, B.; Quilliet, L.; de Labriolle, A.; Magdelaine, B.; Krsticevic, L.; Pacouret, G.; Charbonnier, B. (April 2005). "[Angioplasty at the bifurcation of the anterior interventricular artery and diagonal artery]". Archives Des Maladies Du Coeur Et Des Vaisseaux. 98 (4): 317–324. ISSN 0003-9683.
  2. ^ Wilson, Alexander; Bhutta, Beenish S. (2022), "Anatomy, Thorax, Coronary Sinus", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491498, retrieved 2023-01-05
  3. ^ a b Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M. (2007). Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 283. ISBN 9780781770125. Retrieved 6 November 2014. The most worrisome type is the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) MI, often referred to as the widow-maker infarction, which carries a high mortality and is attributed to an occlusion of the LAD before or at the first septal perforator.
  4. ^ Ropers, D. (12 February 2002). "Anomalous Course of the Left Main or Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Originating From the Right Sinus of Valsalva: Identification of Four Common Variations by Electron Beam Tomography". Circulation. 105 (6): 42e–43. doi:10.1161/hc0602.102020. PMID 11839639.
  5. ^ a b c Villa, AD; Sammut, E; Nair, A; Rajani, R; Bonamini, R; Chiribiri, A (28 June 2016). "Coronary artery anomalies overview: The normal and the abnormal". World Journal of Radiology. 8 (6): 537–55. doi:10.4329/wjr.v8.i6.537. PMC 4919754. PMID 27358682.
  6. ^ a b c Weber, C; Brown, KN; Borger, J (January 2020). "Anatomy, Thorax, Heart Anomalous Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery". PMID 30844189. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ a b Kini, S; Bis, KG; Weaver, L (June 2007). "Normal and variant coronary arterial and venous anatomy on high-resolution CT angiography". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (6): 1665–74. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1295. PMID 17515392.
  8. ^ Wilson, Alexander; Bhutta, Beenish S. (2022), "Anatomy, Thorax, Coronary Sinus", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491498, retrieved 2023-01-05
  9. ^ Lewis, Kathryn (1 December 2009). Multiple Lead ECGs: A Practical Analysis of Arrhythmias. Cengage Learning. p. 10. ISBN 9781435441248. Retrieved 6 November 2014. The LAD is frequently implicated in sudden cardiac death, predominantly in adult males. Clinicians often refer to the LAD as the widow maker because obstruction here predisposes to a high incidence of sudden death.
  10. ^ Barbara J. Aehlert; Robert Vroman (2011). "22". Paramedic Practice Today: Above and Beyond (1st ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 819. ISBN 978-0-323-08535-9. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  11. ^ Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers (11 December 2009). "34". Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. p. 764. ISBN 978-1-4283-2345-2. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  12. ^ Carlos S Restrepo; Dianna M. E. Bardo (1 January 2011). Cardiac Imaging. Thieme. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-60406-186-4. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  13. ^ Morgan, David (June 13, 2008). "TV newsman Tim Russert dies of heart attack". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  14. ^ "How Kevin Smith Survived a 'Widow-Maker' Heart Attack". Live Science. 26 February 2018.
  15. ^ Kearl, Mary (June 2009). "Surviving a Widow-Maker Heart Attack". AOL Health. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
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