French
DeutschLeonard Skierski
Leonard Skierski | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 26 April 1866 Stopnica, Congress Poland, Russian Empire |
| Died | 1940 (aged 73–74) Katyn, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Allegiance |  Russian Empire (1887–1917) Second Polish Republic (1917–1939) |
| Service | Imperial Russian Army Polish Army |
| Years of service | 1887–1939 |
| Rank | General of Division |
| Battles / wars | First World War Polish–Ukrainian War Polish–Soviet War Second World War |
| Awards |  Order of Virtuti Militari Cross of Valour (4 times) |
Leonard Wilhelm Skierski (26 April 1866 – 1940) was a Polish military officer. He was a general of the Imperial Russian Army and then served in the Polish Army. He fought in World War I and in the Polish–Soviet War. He was one of fourteen Polish generals and one of the oldest military commanders to be murdered by the NKVD in the Katyn massacre of 1940.[1]
Imperial Russian Army and World War I
[edit]Leonard Wilhelm Skierski was born in Stopnica near Kielce in Russian-ruled Congress Poland, into an old Polish aristocratic Calvinist family of Puchała coat of arms. His parents were Henryk Skierski and Helena née Hassman. His younger brother Stefan Skierski became the superintendent (bishop) of the Polish Reformed Church.
Early in his youth Skierski graduated from a philological school in Kielce and joined the Cadet Corps in Voronezh. As a Protestant, Skierski was not a subject to severe laws concerning Polish Catholics serving in the Russian Army and was able to advance there. On 1 September 1884, he joined the Mikhailov's College of Artillery in Saint Petersburg. In 1887, he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant (leytenant) and started his service in the 3rd Guards Artillery Brigade. He quickly rose through the ranks and ended up as a colonel (from 1906), leading an artillery command.
With his unit he took part in the opening stages of World War I. Already in February 1915, he was promoted to the rank of major general and at that time he became the highest-ranking Pole in Russian armed forces. He continued his service in various posts. From May 1917, he served as inspector of artillery of the Russian 5th Corps. Following the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Skierski created the Society of Polish Soldiers of the 5th Corps.
He was arrested by the Bolsheviks, but managed to escape to Ukraine, where he joined the Polish II Corps in Russia. After Austria-Hungary surrounded most of the Polish Corps and disarmed it, Skierski evaded imprisonment again and fled to the countryside, where he took part in partisan operations against the Red Army. In 1919, he crossed to the Polish-held territory.
Independent Poland
[edit]On 15 May 1919, Skierski joined the Polish Army. As the Polish armed forces lacked high-ranking officers, he was instantly promoted to the rank of lieutenant general (Polish: generał porucznik). On 30 May, Skierski was assigned to the 7th Infantry Division stationed in Silesia during the Silesian Uprisings; the unit saw no combat. After the cessation of hostilities on that front, on 10 August Skierski became commander of the 1st Rifle Division of General Józef Haller's Blue Army. His formation took part in heavy fighting in Volhynia during the final stages of the Polish–Ukrainian War. On 15 September 1919, the division was fully integrated with the Polish command system and renamed to 13th Infantry Division.
Early in his Polish Army service, Skierski became known as a skilled and flexible commander of infantry units; he was also highly popular among his troops.[2] Because of that, Polish Commander-in-chief Józef Piłsudski used Skierski in important front sectors of the Polish–Soviet War. In December 1919, Skierski was withdrawn from the front and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division. In the spring of 1920, his unit took part in the Kiev offensive, in which the Polish forces reached the city of Kiev. From 21 May, Skierski was assigned the command over a separate Operational Group (Corps), within General Stanisław Szeptycki's Northeastern Front.
On 7 July, in the wake of a Soviet offensive, Skierski became commander of the 4th Army. He managed to withdraw the army under heavy pressure from numerically superior enemy and regroup it. They took part in the Battle of Warsaw in mid-August. The 4th Army, even though its units had been in frontline service for months, became the spearhead of the Polish counter-offensive from the area of the lower Wieprz River. In a matter of weeks, Skierski's troops managed to push the enemy back and reach the line of the Sluch River.
In October 1920, a ceasefire agreement was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. Following the army demobilisation, Skierski had remained in active service and became inspector of the 3rd Army Inspectorate in Toruń. He was seen by Piłsudski as one of the most skilled Polish officers. In May 1926, Skierski supported Piłsudski's military coup and was arrested by the government forces. In 1927, he was attached to the Warsaw-based General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces. He functioned in the circle of Piłsudski's close collaborators. On 31 December 1931, he was promoted to the rank of divisional general and retired from active service.
The Katyn massacre
[edit]After the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, despite having been retired, Skierski was arrested together with thousands of other Polish military personnel. He was held in Starobilsk.[3] In April 1940, the month of his seventy-fourth birthday, he became one of the victims of the Katyn massacre of Polish prisoners of war. Among the Katyn victims were 14 Polish generals, including Leon Billewicz, Bronisław Bohatyrewicz, Xawery Czernicki (admiral), Stanisław Haller, Aleksander Kowalewski, Henryk Minkiewicz, Kazimierz Orlik-Łukoski, Konstanty Plisowski, Rudolf Prich (murdered in Lviv), Franciszek Sikorski, Alojzy Wir-Konas, Piotr Skuratowicz, and Mieczysław Smorawiński.[4]
See also
[edit]Notes and references
[edit]- ^ George Sanford, Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-33873-5, Google Print, p.50
- ^ Aleksandra Sękowska (May 2000). "Leonard Skierski - wspomnienie". Gazeta Stołeczna (in Polish) (6/05/2000): 14. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ The Crime of Katyn Polish Cultural Foundation, 1989 ISBN 0-85065-190-5 Page 19
- ^ Andrzej Leszek Szcześniak, ed. (1989). Katyń; lista ofiar i zaginionych jeńców obozów Kozielsk, Ostaszków, Starobielsk. Warsaw, Alfa. p. 366. ISBN 978-83-7001-294-6.; Moszyński, Adam, ed. (1989). Lista katyńska; jeńcy obozów Kozielsk, Ostaszków, Starobielsk i zaginieni w Rosji Sowieckiej. Warsaw, Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne. p. 336. ISBN 978-83-85028-81-9.; Tucholski, Jędrzej (1991). Mord w Katyniu; Kozielsk, Ostaszków, Starobielsk: lista ofiar. Warsaw, Pax. p. 987. ISBN 978-83-211-1408-8.; Banaszek, Kazimierz (2000). Kawalerowie Orderu Virtuti Militari w mogiłach katyńskich. Roman, Wanda Krystyna; Sawicki, Zdzisław. Warsaw, Chapter of the Virtuti Militari War Medal & RYTM. p. 351. ISBN 978-83-87893-79-8.; Maria Skrzyńska-Pławińska, ed. (1995). Rozstrzelani w Katyniu; alfabetyczny spis 4410 jeńców polskich z Kozielska rozstrzelanych w kwietniu-maju 1940, według źródeł sowieckich, polskich i niemieckich. Stanisław Maria Jankowski. Warsaw, Karta. p. 286. ISBN 978-83-86713-11-0.; Skrzyńska-Pławińska, Maria, ed. (1996). Rozstrzelani w Charkowie; alfabetyczny spis 3739 jeńców polskich ze Starobielska rozstrzelanych w kwietniu-maju 1940, według źródeł sowieckich i polskich. Porytskaya, Ileana. Warsaw, Karta. p. 245. ISBN 978-83-86713-12-7.; Skrzyńska-Pławińska, Maria, ed. (1997). Rozstrzelani w Twerze; alfabetyczny spis 6314 jeńców polskich z Ostaszkowa rozstrzelanych w kwietniu-maju 1940 i pogrzebanych w Miednoje, według źródeł sowieckich i polskich. Porytskaya, Ileana. Warsaw, Karta. p. 344. ISBN 978-83-86713-18-9.
- Stawecki, Piotr (1994). Słownik biograficzny generałów Wojska Polskiego 1918-1939 (in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona. p. 415. ISBN 83-11-08262-6.