Lepidodactylus listeri

Lister's gecko
	L. listeri, figure 1 (centre).
Conservation status
	; Extinct in the Wild (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Gekkonidae
Genus:	Lepidodactylus
Species:	L. listeri
Binomial name
	Lepidodactylus listeri; (Boulenger,1889)
Synonyms
	Gecko listeri ; Boulenger, 1889; Lepidodactylus listeri ; — Kluge, 1968;

Lepidodactylus listeri, also known commonly as Lister's gecko or the Christmas Island chained gecko, is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae, endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. It is currently extinct in the wild.

Geographic range

L. listeri is endemic to Christmas Island.^[3]

Etymology

Both the specific name, listeri, and one of the common names, Lister's gecko, are in honour of British naturalist Joseph Jackson Lister.^[4]

Description

Lister's gecko is a brown lizard growing to a snout-vent length (SVL) of 5 cm (2.0 in). It has a broad, pale fawn/grey vertebral stripe which expands to cover the top of the head and matches the colour and pattern of the tail. It has a whitish belly. The body is covered with small, smooth scales.^[5]

L. listeri was most abundant in primary rainforest on the plateau, but also occurs in disturbed secondary forest growth. It was absent from mined areas on the island.^[6]^[7]

Evolutionary relationships

The closest relatives of L. listeri are species of Lepidodactylus belonging to the lugubris group, native to the Mollucas and the Philippines, with the estimated divergence between L. listeri and the lugubris group taking place around 26 million years ago.^[8] Unlike L. lugubris, which can be triploid and reproduce through parthenogenesis, L. listeri is a diploid, sexually reproducing species.

Decline

L. listeri was considered to be generally common in 1979, and was widespread across the island, but population declines were noted by researchers starting in 1998. Further decline was noted in 2004 and in 2008. By 2009, it was recognized that the species was in imminent danger of extinction, and a captive breeding program was established.^[9]^[10] The last record of L. listeri in its native habitat on Christmas Island was in October 2012.^[10]

The decline of L. listeri was concurrent with the widespread decline of most endemic mammal and reptile species on Christmas Island, and it is considered that this decline was the result of a common cause, or a combination thereof. The causes of this decline are not well understood.^[10] However it is believed that predation by introduced species, particularly the wolf snake (Lycodon capucinus), may have played a significant role.^[9] The wolf snake was introduced around 1982, which is within the timeframe that the population decline began.^[10]

Conservation efforts

Prior to the extirpation of this species from Christmas Island, 43 individuals were taken into captivity, starting in August 2009, in order to establish a breeding population. This proved successful with a total population of over 1500 individuals as of July 2022.^[10] However, reintroduction is unlikely to occur in the near future, invasive threats are not yet controlled on Christmas Island, and assisted colonization is not yet feasible due to widespread gecko L. lugubris, which has an unknown conservation status.^[10]^[11]

The genome of the L. listeri was sequenced in 2022 (along with the Christmas Island blue-tailed skink), making it one of the earliest chromosome-level gecko genomes.^[12] The genome was genetically diverse, reflective of large historical population sizes. Despite the captive population being founded from just 43 individuals, there was not evidence of inbreeding in the genome.^[12]

References

^ Cogger, H.; Mitchell, N.M.; Woinarski, J.C.Z. (2017). "Lepidodactylus listeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11559A83321765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11559A83321765.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Species Lepidodactylus listeri at The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org.
^ Brown, Walter Creighton [in French]; Parker, Fred (1977). "Lizards of the genus Lepidodactylus (Gekkonidae) from the Indo-Australian archipelago and the islands of the Pacific, with descriptions of new species / by Walter C. Brown and Fred Parker". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series. 41 (8): 253–265. NLA 4495205.
^ Beolens, Bo; Grayson, Michael; Watkins, Michael (2011). "Lepidodactylus listeri". The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles (PDF). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4214-0227-7. OCLC 794700413.xiii + 296 pp.
^ Cogger, Harold G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia (6 ed.). Sydney: Reed New Holland. p. 808. ISBN 1-876334-33-9. OCLC 43580360.
^ Cogger HG, Sadlier RA (1999). The terrestrial reptiles of Christmas Island – a reappraisal of their status. Sydney: Australian Museum.
^ Cogger, H.G.; Cameron, E.E.; Sadlier, R.A.; Eggler, P. (1993). "The action plan for Australian reptiles". 155.187.2.69. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
^ Oliver, Paul M.; Blom, Mozes P. K.; Cogger, Harold G.; Fisher, Robert N.; Richmond, Jonathan Q.; Woinarski, John C. Z. (30 June 2018). "Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia". Biology Letters. 14 (6): 20170696. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696. PMC 6030605. PMID 29899126.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Michael J.; Cogger, H.; Tiernan, B.; Maple, D.; Boland, C.; Napier, F.; Detto, T.; Smith, P. "An oceanic island reptile community under threat: the decline of reptiles on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 7 (2): 206–218. S2CID 83084235.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Andrew, Paul; Cogger, Hal; Driscoll, Don; Flakus, Samantha; Harlow, Peter; Maple, Dion; Misso, Mike; Pink, Caitlin; Retallick, Kent; Rose, Karrie; Tiernan, Brendan; West, Judy; Woinarski, John C.Z. (2018). "Somewhat saved: A captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild". Oryx. 52: 171–174. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001071. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30090399. S2CID 89447993.
^ Geyle, Hayley M.; Tingley, Reid; Amey, Andrew P.; Cogger, Hal; Couper, Patrick J.; Cowan, Mark; Craig, Michael D.; Doughty, Paul; Driscoll, Don A.; Ellis, Ryan J.; Emery, Jon-Paul; Fenner, Aaron; Gardner, Michael G.; Garnett, Stephen T.; Gillespie, Graeme R.; Greenlees, Matthew J.; Hoskin, Conrad J.; Keogh, J. Scott; Lloyd, Ray; Melville, Jane; McDonald, Peter J.; Michael, Damian R.; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Sanderson, Chris; Shea, Glenn M.; Sumner, Joanna; Wapstra, Erik; Woinarski, John C. Z.; Chapple, David G. (2021). "Reptiles on the brink: Identifying the Australian terrestrial snake and lizard species most at risk of extinction". Pacific Conservation Biology. 27: 3. doi:10.1071/PC20033. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30143616. S2CID 225209280.
^ ^a ^b Dodge, Tristram O.; Farquharson, Katherine A.; Ford, Claire; Cavanagh, Lisa; Schubert, Kristen; Schumer, Molly; Belov, Katherine; Hogg, Carolyn J. (2023). "Genomes of two Extinct‐in‐the‐Wild reptiles from Christmas Island reveal distinct evolutionary histories and conservation insights". Molecular Ecology Resources: 1755–0998.13780. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13780. ISSN 1755-098X. PMID 36872490. S2CID 257363487.