Letov Š-28

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Czech. (January 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Czech article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Czech Wikipedia article at [[:cs:Letov Š-328]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|cs|Letov Š-328}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Letov Š-28
General information
Type	Reconnaissance aircraft
Manufacturer	Letov Kbely in Prague
Primary user	Czechoslovakian Air Force
Number built	470 (all variants Š-28, -128, -228, -328 and -528)
History
Introduction date	1934
First flight	1929
Retired	1944

The Letov Š-28 was a Czechoslovak single-engined, two-seat reconnaissance aircraft. It was manufactured by Letov Kbely in a number of versions with different powerplants. The most important version was the Š-328, which was produced in relatively high quantities (412 planes produced).

Design work started in 1932 to meet a requirement from the Finnish Air Force although they never accepted the type. It first flew in 1934 and began equipping the Czechoslovak Air Force the following year. The machine was made in two versions—with wheeled undercarriage for land use and with floats for water operations. Although Czechoslovakia was a land-locked nation, a floatplane target tug was necessary for a Czechoslovak anti-aircraft artillery training depot in the Bay of Kotor (now in Montenegro) and four were built as the Š-328v (v stood for vodní or water). It was used as a reconnaissance aircraft, light bomber and ground-attack aircraft for the Czechoslovakia Air Force during the mid- and late-1930s and in that same role during the early months of World War II, when the Slovak Air Force came under German control following its occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. 13 planes from first production batch were tested as night fighters, armed with four 7,92 mm vz.30 machine guns in the wings and two movable vz.30s for the observer. These were later modified for normal use because without radar whose effectiveness was minimal. At the time of the Munich agreement, which ended the Sudeten crisis the Czechoslovak Air Force had 227 planes in operational units and 87 in training schools and mobilisation depots. Production continued even after German occupation of Czechoslovakia until 1940, the last planes being 30 Š-328 produced for Bulgaria,^[1] and 50 planes of that type ordered by Slovakia in July 1938. Altogether, 412 Letov Š-328 were produced.^[2]

The Letov Š-328's combat record is vague but some sources suggest that some Š-328 landplanes may have been used during the Spanish Civil War^[3] however there is no evidence to confirm this and is likely a misidentification of another type (probably Letov Š-231 of which 17 units were in service of the Republican air force). The Germans used captured Š-328s both as trainers^[4] and in the night attack role on the Eastern Front in the Winter of 1942–43.^[5] The Germans handed over some of these machines to their allies, Bulgaria, and Slovakia.

In early October 1939, Š-328s of the Second Czechoslovak Republic were used to attack Hungarian forces that had crossed into Ruthenia. Although the incursion was defeated, Czechoslovakia was forced to hand over much of Ruthenia to Hungary in the First Vienna Award.^[6] In March 1939, Germany occupied the remaining Czech part of Czechoslovakia, with Slovakia declaring independence. On 23 March 1939, Hungary invaded Slovakia, and in the brief Slovak–Hungarian War, Slovak Š-328s were used for reconnaissance and attack duties against the advancing Hungarian forces.^[7]

The Slovak Š-328s carried out reconnaissance and bombing sorties in support of the Slovak participation in the Invasion of Poland in September 1939.^[8] Following Slovakia's participation in the German Invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Slovak Š-328s were used for patrol and reconnaissance flights and a few of them also attacked soviet trucks and cars. They were again used in anti-partisan operations in western Ukraine in the summer of 1942.^[9] At least 11 Slovakian aircraft were seized by Slovak insurgents and flown against the Germans in late 1944 during the Slovak National Uprising in September to October 1944.^[10] The unit never had more than three aircraft operational at time, but they were an important asset. On 7 September 1944, this aircraft achieved one of the last downings of an enemy aircraft achieved by a biplane, when a patrolling Š-328 was attacked by a reconnaissance Focke-Wulf Fw 189. The Fw 189 was damaged by machine gun fire and forced to land in an area controlled by the insurgents.

 Bulgaria

• Bulgarian Air Force purchased 62 Š-328s from Germany in 1939, naming them the Vrana (Crow),^[11] of which 30 were produced after German occupation of Czechoslovakia.^[1] Till 1942 they were also used for anti-submarine patrols over the Black Sea. They remained in service until at least September 1944.^[12]

 Czechoslovakia

• Czechoslovakian Air Force
• Czechoslovakian National Security Guard

 Estonia

• Estonian Air Force

 Germany

• Luftwaffe

 Romania

• Royal Romanian Air Force - one Š-328 escorting train with refugees landed in Romania following the Slovak–Hungarian War. It was used for training until 1941 when it was retired following an accident.^[13]

 Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945)

• Slovak Air Force
• Slovak Insurgent Air Force

• Š-28 - prototype with Walter Castor engine (one built)
• Š-128 - production version with Gnome et Rhône-built Bristol Mercury VII engine (12 built)
• Š-228 - production version for Estonia with Walter-built Bristol Mercury VII (four built)
  • Š-328F - prototype for Finland, powered by 580 hp (433 kW) Bristol Pegasus IIM-2 radial engine (1 built).^[14]
• Š-328 - main production version. Approx 412 built in total,^[14] including:
  • Š-328N- night fighter, armed with four forward-firing and two flexibly mounted machine guns.^[14]
  • Š-328V - floatplane target tug (four built)^[14]
• Š-428 - close ground support aircraft covering armies on the battlefield. The engine was an Avia VR-36 545 kW, V-12 liquid-cooled inline piston engine of 740 hp (one built)
• Š-528 - planned replacement for Š-328 developed in 1935, powered by 800 hp (597 kW) Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major (six built).^[1]

Data from Tschechoslowakische Flugzeuge : von 1918 bis heute,^[15] and Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1934 ^[16]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 10.36 m (34 ft 0 in)
• Wingspan: 13.71 m (45 ft 0 in)
• Height: 3.34 m (10 ft 11 in)
• Wing area: 39.4 m² (424 sq ft) (20.4 m² (219.6 sq ft) top wing, 19 m² (204.5 sq ft) lower wing
• Empty weight: 1,680 kg (3,704 lb)
• Gross weight: 2,640 kg (5,820 lb)
• Fuel capacity: 320 L (85 US gal; 70 imp gal) in main fuselage tank + 280 L (74 US gal; 62 imp gal) in two upper wing gravity tanks
• Powerplant: 1 × Walter Pegasus II-M.2 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 420–430 kW (560–580 hp) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
• Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch wooden propeller

Performance

• Maximum speed: 280 km/h (170 mph, 150 kn) at 1,800 m (5,900 ft)

255 km/h (158 mph; 138 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)

• Cruise speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn)
• Range: 700 km (430 mi, 380 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 7,200 m (23,600 ft)
• Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 17 minutes
• Wing loading: 67.1 kg/m² (13.7 lb/sq ft)
• Power/mass: 0.016 kW/kg (0.01 hp/lb)

Armament

• Guns:
  

• 2x or 4x fixed forward-firing 7.92 mm (0.312 in) belt-fed vz.30 machine guns in upper and/or lower wing (400 rpg) (lower wing only for 2-gun fit)
• 2× 7.92 mm (0.312 in) drum-fed vz.30 machine guns in flexible "Skoda" mount in rear cockpit (420 rpg in 6 drums)

• Bombs:
  

• 500 kg (1,102 lb) of bombs. 5 x 100 kg bombs (4 in pairs under the wing, 1 under the fuselage). Usually 6 x 20 kg bombs under wing and 2 x 50 kg under the fuselage.

Related lists

• List of Interwar military aircraft

• Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
• Green, William (1967). War Planes of the Second World War, Volume 7, Bombers (1st ed.). London: Macdonald & Co.
• Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (May–August 1989). "Balkan Interlude - The Bulgarian Air Force in WWII". Air Enthusiast. No. 39. Bromley, Kent: Tri-Service Press. pp. 58–74. ISSN 0143-5450.
• Mondey, David. (1996). The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
• Rajlich, Jiri; Sehnal, Jiri (Winter 1994). "'Tatra Eagles': The Slovak Air Force in Combat, 1942–45". Air Enthusiast. No. 56. pp. 63–68. ISSN 0143-5450.
• Rajninec, Juraj; Sanders, James V. (September 1971). "Conflict over the Carpathians". Air Enthusiast. Vol. 1, no. 4. pp. 180–183. ISBN 0-385-08171-5.
• Sinnhuber, Karl (2012). Salzburg To Stalingrad. UK: Milton Keynes. ISBN 978-1-471-70222-8.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Letov Š-28.

• Letov S-328
• Letov S-328 (in French)
• Letov S-328V floatplane (in Czech)