French
DeutschList of American independent films
This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]
Background
[edit]The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[9][10][11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures[12]) exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[13]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[21][22][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[23][24][25][26][27][4]
Differences from Hollywood
[edit]The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[28][29] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][30]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.[31][17]
Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[32]
Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[33][34] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[35]
Divisions
[edit]Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[36] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[37][38] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[39][40]
Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors
[edit]- Searchlight Pictures
- Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
- Lionsgate
- NEON
- A24
- Paramount Vantage
- Summit Entertainment
- Orion Pictures
- Samuel Goldwyn Company
- Warner Independent
- Picturehouse
- United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom[41] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
- Blumhouse
- Cannon Films
- Sony Pictures Classics
- IFC Films
- Magnolia Pictures
- Janus Films
- Kino Lorber
- Roadside Attractions
- Bleecker Street
- MUBI
- Amazon Studios (in association with MGM)
- Netflix
- Oscilloscope
Sources
[edit][42][2][43][21][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
List of selected notable American independent films
[edit]Pre-1950s
[edit]- Within Our Gates (1920)[48]≈
- By Right of Birth (1921; now a lost film)[41]
- Safety Last (1923)[51]≈
- The Gold Rush (1925)[52]≈
- The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1927)[53]≈
- The Scar of Shame (1927)[48]
- The Fall of the House of Usher (1928)[53]≈
- Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928)[51]≈
- Mamba (1930)[20]
- Damaged Lives (1933)[20]
- The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)[20]
- The Vampire Bat (1933)[20]
- Maniac (1934)[54]
- The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)[55]≈
- Reefer Madness (1936)[56][54]
- As the Earth Turns (1938)[57]
- The Blood of Jesus (1941)[48]≈
- Native Land (1942)[58]
- Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)[59][60]≈
- Hell-Bent for Election (1944)[61][62]
- Brotherhood of Man (1945)[63]
- Detour (1945)[64][65][66][51]≈
- Fireworks (1947)[60]
- Motion Painting No. 1 (1947)[19][67] ≈
1950s
[edit]- Outrage (1950)[52]≈
- Five (1951)[68]
- Othello (1952)[52]
- Park Row (1952)[69]
- Fear and Desire (1953)[70][71]
- The Hitch-Hiker (1953)[51]≈
- Little Fugitive (1953)[72][15][17][73]≈
- Salt of the Earth (1954)[74]≈
- Bride of the Monster (1955)[75]
- Killer's Kiss (1955)[70]
- The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)[51]≈
- 3rd Ave. El (1955)[76]
- The Adventures of an * (1957)[77]
- Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)[78]
- On the Bowery (1957)[15][17]≈
- 12 Angry Men (1957)[48]≈
- Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)[51]
- The Blob (1958)[79]
- I Want to Live! (1958)[51]
- The Screaming Skull (1958)[78]
- Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)[78]
- The Cry of Jazz (1959)[52]≈
- Moonbird (1959)[77][80]
- Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)[72]
- Science Friction (1959)[81]
- Pull My Daisy (1959)[15][17]≈
- Shadows (1959)[82][72][15][17][48][83][74][73][84]≈
- The Violinist (1959)[85][81]
1960s
[edit]- The Flower Thief (1960)[17]
- Munro (1960)[77][86]
- Psycho (1960)[87]≈
- The Savage Eye (1960)[73]
- Allures (1961)[53]≈
- The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)[88]
- Blast of Silence (1961)[89][90][91]
- The Connection (1961)[72][15][73]
- The Exiles (1961)[17][73]≈
- Night Tide (1961)[92][93][94]
- Something Wild (1961)[95][96]
- Carnival of Souls (1962)[97][98][99][100][101]
- Eegah (1962)[102]
- The Hole (1962)[77]≈
- Wild Guitar (1962)[102]
- Beach Party (1963)[48]
- Blood Feast (1963)[72][48][73]
- The Cool World (1963)[15]≈
- The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1963)[103]
- Mothlight (1963)[53]
- Pianissimo (1963)[104]
- The Sadist (1963)[102]
- The Brig (1964)[17]
- Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)[76]
- Nothing But a Man (1964)[72][74]≈
- Teenage Strangler (1964)[105]
- Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)[106]
- Time Piece (1965)[107][108]
- Vinyl (1965)[15]
- Chafed Elbows (1966)[31][15]
- Chelsea Girls (1966)[74]
- A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)[109]
- Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)[88]
- The Wild Angels (1966)[48]
- The Box (1967)[110]
- David Holzman's Diary (1967)[15]≈
- Dont Look Back (1967)[74]≈
- The Graduate (1967)[111]≈
- The Jungle (1967)[112]≈
- Portrait of Jason (1967)[76][17][74][51]≈
- Spider Baby (1967)[113]
- The Trip (1967)[72][48]
- Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)[72]
- Beyond the Law (1968)[15][17]
- Faces (1968)[31][114][15][17][52]≈
- Greetings (1968)[31][15]
- Murder a la Mod (1968)[15]
- Night of the Living Dead (1968)[82][72][115][116][48][106][83][117][74][84]≈
- No More Excuses (1968)[15]
- Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)[17]≈
- Targets (1968)[118]
- Why Man Creates (1968)[108]≈
- Wild 90 (1968)[15][17]
- Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969)[51]
- Easy Rider (1969)[82][72][115][15][48][83][74][111]≈
- The Learning Tree (1969)[51]≈
- Midnight Cowboy (1969)[48]≈
- Putney Swope (1969)[15][119]≈
1970s
[edit]- The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)[120]
- Husbands (1970)[15][17]
- Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)[120]
- Joe (1970)[121]
- Maidstone (1970)[15][17]
- Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)[72][122][83][74]≈
- Wanda (1970)[72][123][51]≈
- Billy Jack (1971)[51]
- Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)[124]
- (nostalgia) (1971)[53]≈
- Shinbone Alley (1971)[125]
- THX-1138 (1971)[115][83]
- Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)[72][83]≈
- Fritz the Cat (1972)[125]
- The Last House on the Left (1972)[124]
- Pink Flamingos (1972)[6][72][115][48][74][66][51]≈
- Badlands (1973)[15][84]≈
- Coffy (1973)[113]
- Frank Film (1973)[18][108]≈
- Ganja & Hess (1973)[48]
- Heavy Traffic (1973)[125]
- Mean Streets (1973)[82][115][83][74]≈
- Messiah of Evil (1973)[126][127]
- Sisters (1973)[124]
- Benji (1974)[87][128][129]
- Closed Mondays (1974)[108]
- Dark Star (1974)[116][48][83][51]
- Female Trouble (1974)[48]
- Fuji (1974)[53]≈
- The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)[72][115][124][116][48][83][74]
- A Woman Under the Influence (1974)[115][114][48]≈
- 200 (1975)[108]
- Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)[128]
- Coney (1975)[130]
- The Giant Spider Invasion (1975)[131][127]
- Hester Street (1975)[6][123]≈
- Kick Me (1975)[18]
- Quasi at the Quackadero (1975)[19]≈
- The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)[48][117]≈
- Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)[123]≈
- The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976)[51]
- Massacre at Central High (1976)[127]
- Alambrista! (1977)[6][15]≈
- Eraserhead (1977)[6][82][72][115][124][116][17]
- Furies (1977)[18]
- The Hills Have Eyes (1977)[124]
- Killer of Sheep (1977)[82][132][72][115][17][83][74][84]≈
- Opening Night (1977)[48]
- Dawn of the Dead (1978)[124]
- Gates of Heaven (1978)[133]
- Girlfriends (1978)[134][15][135][123]≈
- Halloween (1978)[72][115][124][116][136]≈
- Martin (1978)[124][127]
- Northern Lights (1978)[6][15]
- Piranha (1978)[115]
- The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)[137]
- Asparagus (1979)[138][139]
- Bush Mama (1979)[15][128]≈
- Heartland (1979)[6][15][128]
- Psychotronic Man (1979)[140][141][127]
- The Wizard of Speed and Time (1979)[19]
1980s
[edit]- Atlantic City (1980)[142]≈
- Friday the 13th (1980)[82][116]
- The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[143]≈
- Moon Breath Beat (1980)[18]≈
- Out of the Blue (1980)[7]
- Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)[5][72][128][74]≈
- The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)[144]≈
- The Evil Dead (1981)[82][115][48][83][145]
- My Dinner with Andre (1981)[6][48][133]
- One from the Heart (1981)[66][51]
- Polyester (1981)[48]
- Will (1981)[146]
- Zoot Suit (1981)[147][148]≈
- The Atomic Cafe (1982)[149][150][5]≈
- The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)[6][15][116][17]≈
- Chan Is Missing (1982)[5][147][146][133][51]≈
- Eating Raoul (1982)[151]
- First Blood (1982)[21]
- Forbidden Zone (1982)[152]
- Illusions (1982)[6]≈
- Liquid Sky (1982)[6][153]
- Losing Ground (1982)[6][72][7]≈
- The Loveless (1982)[6]
- The Secret of NIMH (1982)[154][155][156][125]
- Smithereens (1982)[46]
- White Dog (1982)[157]
- Born in Flames (1983)[74]
- El Norte (1983)[147][17]≈
- Koyaanisqatsi (1983)[158][159]≈
- Lianna (1983)[128]
- My Brother's Wedding (1983)[7]
- Seventeen (1983)[146]
- Style Wars (1983)[64]
- Suburbia (1983)[7]
- Sundae in New York (1983)[160]
- Variety (1983)[151][145]
- Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)[7]≈
- The Brother from Another Planet (1984)[5][128]
- Choose Me (1984)[6][161][7][145]
- Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People (1984)[162][163]≈
- In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)[164]
- The Killing Floor (1984)[5]
- Love Streams (1984)[48]
- A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[21][165][116][48][146]≈
- Paris, Texas (1984)[166][145]
- Repo Man (1984)[167][168]
- Stop Making Sense (1984)[50]
- Stranger Than Paradise (1984)[169][5][166][6][170][83][128][74][157]
[171][72][115][116][17][48][146]≈
- Streetwise (1984)[159][7]
- The Terminator (1984)[21][5][82][115][136][83][117][145]≈
- This Is Spinal Tap (1984)[82][6][146]≈
- The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)[5][6]≈
- Wildrose (1984)[172]
- The World of Tomorrow (1984)[173]
- The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)[174]
- Blood Simple (1985)[3][169][165][82][6][83]
[170][171][15][72][115][116][48]
- The Breakfast Club (1985)[175][117]≈
- Desert Hearts (1985)[46][72][161][5][145]
- Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)[46]≈
- Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)[176][3][6][15][5]
- Mala Noche (1985)[5]
- Re-Animator (1985)[5]
- Runaway Train (1985)[83]
- Smooth Talk (1985)[6][146][7]
- Teen Wolf (1985)[136]
- The Toxic Avenger (1985)[128][145]
- Trip to Bountiful (1985)[176][15]
- Blue Velvet (1986)[82][6][48][146][83][5][145]
- The Cosmic Eye (1986)[177]
- Down By Law (1986)[14]
- Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)[171][170]
- Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)[177][178]
- Hoosiers (1986)[15][87]≈
- Platoon (1986)[6][15][145]≈
- Parting Glances (1986)[161][7][145]
- Salvador (1986)[15][5]
- She's Gotta Have It (1986)[21][5][47][82][72][74]
[115][15][116][146][83][111][66]≈
- Sherman's March (1986)[146][74][5]≈
- Something Wild (1986)[6][7]
- Stand By Me (1986)[15][87]
- True Stories (1986)[6][5]
- Working Girls (1986)[3][46][170][171]
- The Big Easy (1987)[15]
- Border Radio (1987)[6][17][161][145]
- The Brave Little Toaster (1987)[179][180][136][181]
- Dirty Dancing (1987)[182][72][136]
- Evil Dead II (1987)[83][157]
- Hollywood Shuffle (1987)[6][146][11][172]
- House of Games (1987)[147]
- Matewan (1987)[5][48][151][83][128]≈
- Miami Connection (1987)[183]
- Near Dark (1987)[6]
- Raising Arizona (1987)[5][184][6]
- River's Edge (1987)[6][170][146][157]
- Your Face (1987)[185]
- The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)[144]
- Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)[47]
- Eight Men Out (1988)[128]
- Hairspray (1988)[186][170][171][48]≈
- Heat and Sunlight (1988)[17][146]
- Ko-Ko (1988)[187]
- Lady in White (1988)[188]
- Let's Get Lost (1988)[146]
- The Moderns (1988)[6]
- Patty Hearst (1988)[47]
- Powaqqatsi (1988)[158]
- Running on Empty (1988)[7]
- Stand and Deliver (1988)[15]≈
- The Thin Blue Line (1988)[3][159][116][74]≈
- Torch Song Trilogy (1988)[15]
- All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)[156][189]
- Chameleon Street (1989)[190][146]
- Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)[6]
- Do the Right Thing (1989)[21][9][15][48][145]≈
- Drugstore Cowboy (1989)[82][72][9][15][48][83]
- Heathers (1989)[6][170][171][15][48][157]
- Longtime Companion (1989)[47][6]
- Roger & Me (1989)[159][5][47][6][191][171][74][15]≈
- sex, lies and videotape (1989)[22][192][158][193][4][5][146]
[165][47][184][82][194][170][171][72][83][145] [115][178][15][195][116][17][48][74][111]≈
- Sidewalk Stories (1989)[15]
- True Love (1989)[46][6][170][171]
- The Unbelievable Truth (1989)[22][191][171][72][146]
1990s
[edit]- All My Relations (1990)[196]
- The Grifters (1990)[47][191][171][15]
- House Party (1990)[165][6][191][171][136]≈
- Jacob's Ladder (1990)[21]
- Metropolitan (1990)[22][5][47][82][6][84]
- Miller's Crossing (1990)[5][6][15]
- Mountains of the Moon (1990)[21]
- Paris Is Burning (1990)[197][47]≈
- Pump Up the Volume (1990)[198][199]
- Sink or Swim (1990)[184][199]≈
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)[21][136][200][51]
- To Sleep with Anger (1990)[201][202][132][48]≈
- Total Recall (1990)[21]
- Trust (1990)[191][171][190]
- Wild at Heart (1990)[47][6][15]
- Barton Fink (1991)[5][6]
- Daughters of the Dust (1991)[5][46][6][72][48]≈
- Dogfight (1991)[6]
- Homicide (1991)[15]
- L.A. Story (1991)[21]
- Truth or Dare (1991)[159][47]
- Mississippi Masala (1991)[6][191][171]
- My Own Private Idaho (1991)[21][159][197][47][82][115][48]
- Night on Earth (1991)[47][48]
- Poison (1991)[184][199]
- Queen of Diamonds (1991)[203]≈
- Rambling Rose (1991)[6]
- The Rapture (1991)[204]
- Slacker (1991)[22][4][5][45][191][171][72][115]
- Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)[6]
- Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)[21][5][48]≈
- American Me (1992)[148]
- Bad Lieutenant (1992)[82][6][17][83]
- Basic Instinct (1992)[21]
- Bob Roberts (1992)[194]
- A Brief History of Time (1992)[191][171]
- Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)[205]
- Gas Food Lodging (1992)[4][6][191][171][15][128][199]
- Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)[48]
- In the Soup (1992)[6]
- The Living End (1992)[5][197][6]
- One False Move (1992)[206][207]
- Passion Fish (1992)[5][190]
- The Player (1992)[208][47][6]
- Reservoir Dogs (1992)[22][3][4][209][184][82][199]
[6][191][210][171][48][83][211][84]
- Simple Men (1992)[6]
- Swoon (1992)[6]
- The Tune (1992)[212]
- Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)[48][51]
- Alma's Rainbow (1993)[162]
- Dazed and Confused (1993)[5][213][184][82][6][83][199]
- El Mariachi (1993)[22][21][4][5][214][191][171][72][115][178][48]≈
- Menace II Society (1993)[6]
- Mi Vida Loca (1993)[5][6]
- Red Rock West (1993)[6]
- Ruby in Paradise (1993)[191][171][15]
- Short Cuts (1993)[208][159][82][83]
- Suture (1993)[191][171]
- The Wedding Banquet (1993)[5][6]≈
- Clean, Shaven (1994)[6]
- Clerks (1994)[22][158][3][4][5][165][11][111]
[184][82][6][191][214][87][83][199]
- Dumb and Dumber (1994)[215]
- Fresh (1994)[6][216]
- Go Fish (1994)[5][197][6][191][171]
- Hoop Dreams (1994)[159][4][47][191][171][48]≈
- The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[6]
- I Like It Like That (1994)[6]
- The Last Seduction (1994)[6][115]
- Little Odessa (1994)[217]
- Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)[6]
- Pulp Fiction (1994)[218][219][192][3][193][117][74][111]
[4][209][169][45][6][72][17][48][66]≈
- The Red Book (1994)[220][221]≈
- Reality Bites (1994)[191][171]
- River of Grass (1994)[46][6]
- Serial Mom (1994)[222][6][48]
- Spanking the Monkey (1994)[22][3][21][191][171][115]
- What Happened Was... (1994)[223][199]
- Altair (1995)[224][221]
- Before Sunrise (1995)[82][191][48]
- The Brothers McMullen (1995)[4][6][191][214][171]
- Crumb (1995)[159][4]
- Dead Man (1995)[6]
- Dead Man Walking (1995)[158][6]
- The Doom Generation (1995)[128][199]
- Friday (1995)[147][198][199]
- Kicking and Screaming (1995)[213][225][199]
- Kids (1995)[3][5][47][82][194][6][72][115][198]
- Leaving Las Vegas (1995)[6]
- Living in Oblivion (1995)[191][171][115][225]
- Safe (1995)[226][227][5][82][6][15][115]
- Se7en (1995)[3]
- Smoke (1995)[116]
- The Usual Suspects (1995)[3][82][6][115][48][83]
- Basquiat (1996)[213][228]
- Big Night (1996)[6][214][171]
- Bottle Rocket (1996)[229][22][3][82][48][190]
- Box of Moonlight (1996)[6]
- Citizen Ruth (1996)[229][22][3][5][6]
- The Daytrippers (1996)[213][6][128]
- The English Patient (1996)[176][21][4][47][6]
- Fargo (1996)[176][21][5][6][128]≈
- Flirting with Disaster (1996)[229][3][194][6]
- Hard Eight (1996)[22][3]
- I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)[6][214][171]
- Lone Star (1996)[5][6][115][83][128]
- Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)[230]
- Schizopolis (1996)[3][6]
- Sling Blade (1996)[193][4][5][47][48]
- The Spitfire Grill (1996)[4][214][171][15]
- Swingers (1996)[5][82][214][111]
- Trees Lounge (1996)[217]
- Waiting for Guffman (1996)[213][128]
- Walking and Talking (1996)[5]
- The Watermelon Woman (1996)[197]≈
- Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)[22][3][4][5][223]
- When We Were Kings (1996)[214][171]
- The Apostle (1997)[6]
- Chasing Amy (1997)[194][6][198]
- Cop Land (1997)[2]
- Eve's Bayou (1997)[217][51]≈
- Good Will Hunting (1997)[231][182][3][193][45][6][48]
- Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)[115][83]
- Gummo (1997)[21][5][82][115]
- Henry Fool (1997)[213][128]
- In the Company of Men (1997)[226][223][82][6][83][128][199]
- Jackie Brown (1997)[218][48]
- Lost Highway (1997)[232][226]
- Love Jones (1997)[217]
- Ulee's Gold (1997)[15]
- American History X (1998)[47]
- The Big Lebowski (1998)[233][5][111]≈
- Boogie Nights (1998)[234][3][147][5][6][72][111]
- Buffalo 66 (1998)[5][214][171][225][48]
- Gods and Monsters (1998)[6]
- Happiness (1998)[235][226][5][82][115][83][128]
- High Art (1998)[226][6][214][171][84]
- More (1998)[236]
- New Rose Hotel (1998)[223][199]
- The Opposite of Sex (1998)[6][214]
- Next Stop Wonderland (1998)[6]
- Pi (1998)[22][4][45][82][6][214][115][48][83]
- Rushmore (1998)[229][3][5][115][74][111]≈
- Shakespeare in Love (1998)[25][1][3][193][4][47]
- Slam (1998)[6]
- Smoke Signals (1998)[5][6][11]≈
- The Spanish Prisoner (1998)[214][171]
- Velvet Goldmine (1998)[235][4][6]
- American Beauty (1999)[25][2][237]
- American Movie (1999)[4][114][238]
- Being John Malkovich (1999)[232][229][25][22][82][115][83]
- The Blair Witch Project (1999)[219][158][21][4][237][45][82][214][210][171]
- The Boondock Saints (1999)[198]
- Boys Don't Cry (1999)[235][5][197][128][11]≈
- Buena Vista Social Club (1999)[159]≈
- Cruel Intentions (1999)[87]
- Dogma (1999)[235][47]
- Election (1999)[235][229][3][5]
- Fight Club (1999)[229][192][237]
- Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)[82][83]
- Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)[223][199]
- Magnolia (1999)[229][239][147][5][47]
- The Sixth Sense (1999)[237]
- Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)[240]
- The Straight Story (1999)[15]
- The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)[237]
- Three Kings (1999)[235][229][25]
- The Virgin Suicides (1999)[198][47][211]
2000s
[edit]- Almost Famous (2000)[48]
- American Psycho (2000)[232][48][117]
- Best in Show (2000)[48]
- Chuck & Buck (2000)[5][241][171]
- Finding Forrester (2000)[242]
- George Washington (2000)[48]
- Girlfight (2000)[241][171][128]
- Memento (2000)[232][82][241][72][115][48][83][117][111]≈
- Nurse Betty (2000)[27]
- O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[27][5]
- Pitch Black (2000)[83]
- Rejected (2000)[185]
- Requiem for a Dream (2000)[82][228][243]
- State and Main (2000)[147]
- Traffic (2000)[25][182][147]
- The Yards (2000)[27]
- You Can Count on Me (2000)[5][241][171][225][243]
- Donnie Darko (2001)[5][82][115][48][117][111]
- Ghost World (2001)[218][5][243]
- Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)[241][171]
- In the Bedroom (2001)[241]
- Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)[48]
- The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)[48]≈
- The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[5]
- Monster's Ball (2001)[244]
- Mulholland Drive (2001)[232][48][243]
- The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)[218][158][48]
- Waking Life (2001)[245][246]
- Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)[44]
- 25th Hour (2002)[243]
- Adaptation (2002)[232][25][247][147][48]
- Antwone Fisher (2002)[147]
- Bend It Like Beckham (2002)[248]
- Bowling for Columbine (2002)[244][159]
- Chicago (2002)[1][2][147]
- Far from Heaven (2002)[249][114][243]
- Funny Ha Ha (2002)[72][17][74]
- Gangs of New York (2002)[147][47]
- Gerry (2002)[17]
- Laurel Canyon (2002)[225]
- My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)[219][244][43][5][72][48]
- Naqoyqatsi (2002)[158][159]
- Personal Velocity (2002)[213]
- Punch-Drunk Love (2002)[229][250]
- Real Women Have Curves (2002)[241][171]≈
- Roger Dodger (2002)[115]
- Secretary (2002)[115][225]
- Solaris (2002)[25]
- Spellbound (2002)[244]
- 25th Hour (2002)[48]
- American Splendor (2003)[232][244][241][251][115][114]
- Capturing the Friedmans (2003)[244][159][241][243]
- Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)[248]
- Cold Mountain (2003)[147]
- The Cooler (2003)[248]
- Elephant (2003)[43][17]
- The Fog of War (2003)[248][244][159]≈
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)[248]
- In America (2003)[248]
- Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)[218]
- Lost in Translation (2003)[248][219][244][5][169][111]
[82][72][115][114][48][83][243]
- Monster (2003)[248][244][147]
- Open Water (2003)[244]
- The Room (2003)[252]
- Shattered Glass (2003)[248]
- The Station Agent (2003)[244][5][241][253][115]
- Taranation (2003)[244][21][159]
- Thirteen (2003)[248][244][5]
- 21 Grams (2003)[248]
- The Aviator (2004)[244]
- Baadasssss! (2004)[248]
- Before Sunset (2004)[248][243]
- Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[232][248][25][82][48]
- Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)[248][244][3][159]
- Garden State (2004)[158][5][210][171][72][48]
- Keane (2004)[225]
- The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[239]
- Maria Full of Grace (2004)[43][241]
- Mean Creek (2004)[250]
- The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)[44][254]
- Napoleon Dynamite (2004)[219][244][158][255][241][210][171][115][48][117][111][243]
- Palindromes (2004)[48]
- The Passion of the Christ (2004)[248][219][244][115]
- Primer (2004)[5][82][241][171][72][115][114][48]
- Saw (2004)[5][48]
- Sideways (2004)[256][219][244][147][5][115][114][48]
- Silver City (2004)[257]
- Super Size Me (2004)[219][244][158][159][241][171]
- Take Out (2004)[17]
- A Very Long Engagement (2004)[244][43]
- We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)[43]
- The Aristocrats (2005)[219]
- Brick (2005)[258][241][171][48]
- Brokeback Mountain (2005)[258][35][256][114][48][243]≈
- Capote (2005)[258][259][147]
- Corpse Bride (2005)[260]
- Crash (2005)[258][261][1][147]
- Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)[15]
- Good Night and Good Luck (2005)[43][259][147]
- Hostel (2005)[5][48]
- Hustle & Flow (2005)[219][241]
- Man Push Cart (2005)[114]
- Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)[262][241]
- Mutual Appreciation (2005)[17]
- The Notorious Betty Page (2005)[258]
- Pride & Prejudice (2005)[259]
- The Puffy Chair (2005)[29][48]
- The Squid and the Whale (2005)[251][48][243]
- Syriana (2005)[5]
- Babel (2006)[258]
- Barnyard (2006)[212]
- Bobby (2006)[258]
- Facing the Giants (2006)[263][264]
- For Your Consideration (2006)[43]
- Friends with Money (2006)[258]
- Half Nelson (2006)[258]
- Hoodwinked! (2006)[212]
- An Inconvenient Truth (2006)[258][265][171]
- Iraq in Fragments (2006)[258]
- Inland Empire (2006)[232][5][266][243]
- Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)[258]
- Jesus Camp (2006)[258]
- Little Children (2006)[258]
- Little Miss Sunshine (2006)[258][255][74][111]
[265][210][171][246][72][114][87][48][83][243]
- Marie Antoinette (2006)[258]
- Nacho Libre (2006)[158]
- The Namesake (2006)[256]
- Old Joy (2006)[225]
- The Painted Veil (2006)[43]
- Pan's Labyrinth (2006)[258][44][114]
- A Prairie Home Companion (2006)[258]
- Quinceañera (2006)[265][171][114]
- A Scanner Darkly (2006)[258][43][147]
- Southland Tales (2006)[256]
- Thank You for Smoking (2006)[258][247]
- The Darjeeling Limited (2007)[147]
- The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)[43]
- I'm Not There (2007)[43]
- In Bruges (2007)[267][48]
- In the Valley of Elah (2007)[256][43]
- Juno (2007)[256][43][182][5][115][114][87][48][111][243]
- Margot at the Wedding (2007)[256][5]
- A Mighty Heart (2007)[256]
- No Country for Old Men (2007)[43][2][15][48]
- No End in Sight (2007)[256][114]
- Paranormal Activity (2007)[5][210][72][48][51]
- The Savages (2007)[43][147]
- Sicko (2007)[256]
- Sunshine (2007)[256]
- There Will Be Blood (2007)[43][147][194]
- Waitress (2007)[256][265][225][243]
- The Visitor (2007)[267][5][254]
- American Teen (2008)[268]
- Baghead (2008)[29]
- Be Kind Rewind (2008)[269]
- Fireproof (2008)[264][267]
- Frozen River (2008)[209][46][267][15][225]
- In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)[83]
- Man on Wire (2008)[265]
- Rachel Getting Married (2008)[5][267][225][243]
- Sita Sings the Blues (2008)[270][271]
- Synecdoche, New York (2008)[169][5][48]
- Twilight (2008)[5]
- Tyson (2008)[159]
- Wendy and Lucy (2008)[5][243]
- The Wrestler (2008)[253][114][83]
- Adventureland (2009)[5]
- Coraline (2009)[272]
- The Cove (2009)[265][171]
- Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)[272]
- 500 Days of Summer (2009)[48]
- The Hurt Locker (2009)[1][2][273]≈
- Inglourious Basterds (2009)[182][147]
- Moon (2009)[247][48]
- My Dog Tulip (2009)[212]
- Precious (2009)[274][5][275][265][171][114]
- Revolutionary Road (2009)[43]
- A Serious Man (2009)[48][243]
- A Single Man (2009)[35][246][243][276]
- Sin Nombre (2009)[254]
- Trash Humpers (2009)[277]
2010s
[edit]- Beginners (2010)[278][48]
- Black Swan (2010)[114][147][48][83][243]
- Blue Valentine (2010)[147][265][171][48][243]
- Catfish (2010)[159]
- Greenberg (2010)[43]
- Inside Job (2010)[159]
- The Kids Are All Right (2010)[35][279]
- The King's Speech (2010)[2]
- Meek's Cutoff (2010)[46]
- Winter's Bone (2010)[28][209][46][265][15][115][114][225][48][83]
- The Color Wheel (2011)[280]
- The Descendants (2011)[147]
- Drive (2011)[48][243]
- Margaret (2011)[243]
- Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)[48]
- Pariah (2011)[281][282][275][225]≈
- Project Nim (2011)[159]
- Take Shelter (2011)[283][204]
- The Tree of Life (2011)[48]
- Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)[28][82][265][114][48][84]
- Frances Ha (2012)[72][243][211]
- Fresh Guacamole (2012)[284][285]
- It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)[270][139][286]
- The Master (2012)[147]
- Middle of Nowhere (2012)[287][288][275]
- Paranorman (2012)[272]
- The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)[48]
- Spring Breakers (2012)[48][243]
- Dallas Buyers Club (2013)[28][147][51]
- Fruitvale Station (2013)[289][171][48]
- Moonrise Kingdom (2013)[48][243]
- Nebraska (2013)[247]
- Only God Forgives (2013)[48]
- 12 Years a Slave (2013)[1][2]≈
- The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)[87]
- Birdman (2014)[28][176][1]
- The Boxtrolls (2014)[272]
- Boyhood (2014)[28][176][2][48]
- Ex Machina (2014)[290]
- Foxcatcher (2014)[28]
- Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)[28][176][48]
- The Imitation Game (2014)[176][2]
- Listen Up Philip (2014)[291]
- Nightcrawler (2014)[247]
- The Theory of Everything (2014)[176][2]
- Whiplash (2014)[28][176][2][289][171][247][48][243]
- Carol (2015)[243]
- Dope (2015)[292][48]
- It Follows (2015)[48]
- Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)[48]
- Spotlight (2015)[1][2]
- Tangerine (2015)[293][29][17][48][243]
- The VVitch (2015)[290][48][243]
- World of Tomorrow (2015)[294]
- American Honey (2016)[290]
- Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016)[48]
- Manchester by the Sea (2016)[48]
- Moonlight (2016)[279][2][45][290][72][48][243]
- Swiss Army Man (2016)[48]
- 20th Century Women (2016)[295][290][48]
- Call Me By Your Name (2017)[296][48]
- The Disaster Artist (2017)[296]
- First Reformed (2017)[290]
- The Florida Project (2017)[45][290][48][243]
- Get Out (2017)[45][72][48]
- Good Time (2017)[48]
- I, Tonya (2017)[296][297]
- Lady Bird (2017)[45][290][296][243]
- Phantom Thread (2017)[48]
- The Shape of Water (2017)[2][296][297]
- Eighth Grade (2018)[290][82][48][243]
- Hereditary (2018)[290][48]
- Isle of Dogs (2018)[272]
- The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)[290][243]
- Minding the Gap (2018)[243]
- The Rider (2018)[298][299]
- The Farewell (2019)[290][243]
- First Cow (2019)[290]
- Hair Love (2019)[300]
- Jojo Rabbit (2019)[2]
- The Lighthouse (2019)[48]
- Marriage Story (2019)[301]
- The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)[246]
- Uncut Gems (2019)[290][48]
2020s
[edit]- Cryptozoo (2020)[302][303][304]
- The Forty-Year-Old Version (2020)[51]
- Minari (2020)[290][243]
- Nomadland (2020)[305][306][51]
- Zola (2020)[290][72][243]
- CODA (2021)[307][72]
- Jockey (2021)[298][308]
- Pig (2021)[243]
- Shiva Baby (2021)[309]
- Summer of Soul (2021)[310][311]
- Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[312][313][290][314][72][48][315]
- Fire of Love (2022)[316]
- Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)[317][318][319][320]
- My Year of Dicks (2022)[321][322]
- Tár (2022)[323]
- The Whale (2022)[323]
- American Fiction (2023)[50]
- Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)[33]
- The Holdovers (2023)[50]
- Kokomo City (2023)[33]
- Ninety-Five Senses (2023)[324]
- Past Lives (2023)[50][243]
- Poor Things (2023)[50]
- Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023)[50]
- Saltburn (2023)[50]
- Sound of Freedom (2023)[325][50]
- Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (2023)[50]
- A Thousand and One (2023)[243]
- War Is Over! (2023)[326]
List of notable American independent filmmakers
[edit]- Ayoka Chenzira[163][162]
- Julie Dash[21][46][6][327]
- Cheryl Dunye[197][327]
- Kathleen Collins[6][7]
- Lizzie Borden[3][46][170][116][74]
- Ava DuVernay[328][135][46][275]
- Dee Rees[328][135][281][275][225]
- Chloe Zhao[298][299][306]
- Celine Song[50]
- Lulu Wang[290]
- Mira Nair[44][46][6][191]
- Barry Jenkins[290]
- Billy Woodberry[7]
- Marlon Riggs[197]
- Stanley Nelson[258]
- Charles Burnett[201][202]
- William Greaves[17]
- Wendell B. Harris Jr.[190][146]
- Oscar Micheaux[329]
- Ryan Coogler[289][171]
- Tyler Perry[330][15]
- Spike Lee[21][5][47][82][7]
[9][116][17][48][146][83][74][145]
- Reginald Hudlin[165][191][171][136]
- John Singleton[21]
- Robert Townsend[21][146]
- Walter Salles[44]
- Ramin Bahrani[5][114]
- Alfonso Cuaron[44]
- Denzel Washington[21]
- Ang Lee[21][44][5][197]
- Lee Daniels[275][265]
- Daniels[313][290][314]
- Wayne Wang[5][47][116][146][133]
- Lee Isaac Chung[290][306]
- Lisa Cholodenko[331][226][46][197][6][327]
- Mario Van Peebles[248]
- Melvin Van Peebles[83][72][48][74]
- Robert Rodriguez[22][3][21][4][184][191][171]
- Gregory Nava[17]
- Robert M. Young[17]
- Miguel Arteta[5][241][171]
- Guillermo del Toro[44][114]
- Chris Eyre[331]
- Taika Waititi[253]
- Nina Menkes[203]
- Claudia Weill[15][135][123]
- Donna Deitch[161][145]
- Joyce Chopra[17][146]
- Mary Harron[232][46][171]
- Jennie Livingston[197]
- Penelope Spheeris[332][144][76]
- Martha Coolidge[46][6]
- Kelly Reichardt[46][290][225]
- Debra Granik[46][265][15][115][114][225][83][315]
- Alice Wu[315]
- Eliza Hittman[315]
- Susan Seidelman[5][46][47][116]
- Adrienne Shelly[265][171]
- Joan Micklin Silver[333]
- Signe Baumane[108]
- Ralph Bakshi[334]
- Don Bluth[156][125][189]
- Will Vinton[335][336][108]
- Suzan Pitt[139]
- Don Hertzfeldt[270][185][139][294][337]
- Bill Plympton[338][185][339][340][337][212][108]
- John and Faith Hubley[77][80]
- George Griffin[341][221]
- Mark Osborne[236]
- Candy Kugel[342]
- Janie Geiser[220][221]
- Fred Mogubgub[343]
- John Canemaker[221]
- Paul Fierlinger[212]
- Joanna Priestley[196][340][108]
- PES[284][337]
- Nina Paley[270][108]
- Mary Ellen Bute[344][345]
- Nicole Holofcener[5][46]
- Tom McCarthy[5][171]
- Alex Garland[290]
- Patty Jenkins[244][147]
- Sarah Polley[159]
- Sian Heder[307]
- Lena Dunham[46]
- Greta Gerwig[290]
- Miranda July[262][46][241][171]
- Bette Gordon[151][145]
- Nancy Savoca[6][171][170]
- Todd Haynes[235][226][346][74]
[227][47][184][82][191][171][17][83][327]
- Greg Araki[197][6][190][128]
- Sean Baker[290][293][29][17]
- Stanley Kubrick[70][71]
- Lodge Kerrigan[225]
- Alex Ross Perry[347]
- Jeff Nichols[348][84]
- Mike Nichols[111]
- Henry Jaglom[15]
- Jim McBride[15]
- Jonas Mekas[15][17]
- Andrew Bujalski[17][74]
- John Cameron Mitchell[241][171]
- Gus Van Sant[242][182][21][159][82][6][9][17][276]
- Steve James[159][191]
- Wim Wenders[159][145]
- Jim McKay[5]
- Bo Burnham[290]
- Joel and Ethan Coen[27][2][169][128]
[165][47][184][170][171][9][116][146][83]
- Mark and Jay Duplass[29][48]
- Sam Raimi[82][83][145]
- Josh and Benny Safdie[290][17][48]
- Joe Swanberg[17]
- Rian Johnson[241][171]
- Christopher Guest[43][213][128]
- Alan Rudolph[6][161][7][145]
- James Gray[27][47]
- Andrea Arnold[290]
- Robert Eggers[290]
- George A. Romero[82][48][106][83][74]
- Wes Craven[124][111]
- John Carpenter[124][82][116][136][48][83]
- Yorgos Lanthimos[290]
- Ari Aster[290]
- Paul Schrader[290]
- Mike Mills[278][295][290]
- Joe Wright[259]
- Jim Jarmusch[248][21][47][82][166][14][146][128]
- Rob Nilsson[146]
- Zach Braff[158]
- George Clooney[43]
- James Mangold[2][47][191]
- Sam Mendes[2][3]
- Spike Jonze[232][229][22][82][83]
- Errol Morris[244][3][21][159][191]
- Martin Scorsese[244][147][15][87][128][83][74]
- Sam Fuller[349][350]
- Edgar G. Ulmer[20]
- John Cassavetes[82][114][15][87][83]
- Brian de Palma[15][124]
- Robert Downey Sr[15]
- Norman Mailer[15][17]
- Andy Warhol[15][17][74]
- Curtis Harrington[92]
- Kenneth Anger[74]
- Herk Harvey[100]
- Ron Rice[17]
- Robert Frank[17]
- Kent Mackenzie[17]
- Neil Jordan[147]
- James Marsh[159][265][171]
- Greg Mottola[195][213][6]
- Jon Favreau[111]
- Bennett Miller[147]
- Jonathan Caouette[244][159]
- Larry Clark[3][82]
- Abel Ferrara[223][82][191][171][17][190][83]
- Michel Gondry[232][351][82]
- Wes Anderson[218][28][229][82]
- Noah Baumbach[256][5][213][315]
- Sofia Coppola[352][22][353][5][82][48][83][198]
- Kathryn Bigelow[6][225]
- Allison Anders[235][22][5][332][191]
- Barbara Kopple[123]
- Shirley Clarke[76][15][17][74][91]
- Barbara Loden[17]
- Roger Corman[78][136][48][74]
- Paul Bartel[151]
- Herschell Gordon Lewis[106]
- Dwain Esper[54]
- Ray Dennis Steckler[103][102]
- John Sayles[5][47][6][191][171][17][190][151][83][128][74]
- Jonathan Demme[7]
- Tom DiCillo[22][21][47][6][191][171]
- Carson Davidson[76]
- Doug Liman[82][214][171][83]
- Darren Aronofsky[22][4][214][171][83][323][228]
- Jason Reitman[182][2][147][83]
- Godfrey Reggio[158][159]
- Ross McElwee[146][74][354]
- Alexander Payne[235][229][244][5]
- Kimberly Peirce[235][197][128]
- David O. Russell[235][229][244][171]
- Kevin Smith[235][22][158][355][165][198][11]
[47][82][194][171][114][116][48][83]
[184][82][191][171][116][17][48][74][327]
- Terry Zwigoff[218][159][5]
- Christopher Nolan[232][22][356][82][48][83]
- Whit Stillman[22][147][5][82]
- Todd Field[241][171]
- Richard Kelly[256][82][83]
- Jean-Pierre Jeunet[44]
- Julian Schnabel[213][228]
- Jared Hess[351][158]
- Charlie Kaufman[351]
- Hal Hartley[22][21][5][213][191][171][17][146]
- David Lynch[232][226][82][111]
[22][158][184][82][194][170][171][225][178][17][48]
- Rob Reiner[82][15][116][87][146]
- Oliver Stone[15][145]
- Dennis Hopper[82][72][115][15][48][83][74][111]
- Shane Carruth[82][241]
- Anthony Minghella[147]
- Harmony Korine[21][223][82][198]
- Richard Linklater[28][74][198]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Indie - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
- ^ Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
- ^ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e f g The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
- ^ Why B-Movies never won Oscars|HOW TO SEE B_Movie with Dave Kehr - The Museum of Modern Art on official YouTube channel
- ^ Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
- ^ a b c Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
- ^ 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
- ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
- ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
- ^ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
- ^ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema". ibtauris.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
- ^ a b c d e f g CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
- ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
- ^ Horton, Robert (1990). "Stranger Than Texas". Film Comment. 26 (4): 77–78. ISSN 0015-119X. JSTOR 43453863.
- ^ a b c d Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
- ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
- ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
- ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
- ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
- ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
- ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
- ^ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ [The End of Independent Film As We Know It - The Ringer]
- ^ a b What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
- ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Indie Reframed - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Indie, Inc. - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
- ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
- ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
- ^ a b c The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
- ^ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
- ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
- ^ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
- ^ a b Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
- ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
- ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
- ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
- ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
- ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
- ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
- ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
- ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
- ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
- ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
- ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
- ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
- ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
- ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
- ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
- ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
- ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k