This list includes European countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire , or that were given Latin place names in historical references . As a large portion of the latter were only created during the Middle Ages , often based on scholarly etiology , this is not to be confused with a list of the actual names modern regions and settlements bore during the classical era .
Until the Modern Era , Latin was the common language for scholarship and mapmaking . During the 19th and 20th centuries, German scholars in particular have made significant contributions to the study of historical place names, or Ortsnamenkunde . These studies have, in turn, contributed to the study of genealogy . For genealogists and historians of pre-Modern Europe, knowing alternate names of places is vital to extracting information from both public and private records. Even specialists in this field point out, however, that the information can be easily taken out of context, since there is a great deal of repetition of place names throughout Europe; reliance purely on apparent connections should therefore be tempered with valid historical methodology.
Latin place names are not always exclusive to one place — for example, there were several Roman cities whose names began with Colonia and then a more descriptive term. During the Middle Ages , these were often shortened to just Colonia . One of these, Colonia Agrippinensis , retains the name today in the form of Cologne .
Early sources for Roman names show numerous variants and spellings of the Latin names.
The modern canonical name is listed first. Sources are listed chronologically. In general, only the earliest source is shown for each name, although many of the names are recorded in more than one of the sources. Where the source differs in spelling, or has other alternatives, these are listed following the source. As an aid to searching, variants are spelled completely, and listed in most likely chronology.
Superscripts indicate:
Latinized form of the Greek-derived name. Latinized form of the Asian-derived name via Greek. Altered Latinized form of the Greek-derived name. Cities and towns in Austria [ edit ] Cities and towns in Belgium [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Aldenarda [1] Oudenaarde (nl ), Audenarde (fr ) Alostum [2] Aalst (nl ), Alost (fr ) Anderlacum Anderlecht Antverpia Antwerp , Antwerpen (nl ), Anvers (fr ) Atuatuca Tungrorum Tongeren (nl ), Tongres (fr ) Brugae Bruges (fr ), Brugge (nl ) Bruxella, Bruxellae Brussels , Brussel (nl ), Bruxelles (fr ) Cortoriacum, Cortracum [3] Kortrijk (nl ), Courtrai (fr ) Damma, Dammum Damme (nl ) Furna [4] Veurne (nl ) Gandavum [5] Ghent , Gent (nl ), Gand (fr ) Leodium Liège (fr ), Luik (nl ), Lüttich (de ) Lovanium Leuven (nl ), Louvain (fr ) Orolaunum Arlon (fr ), Aarlen (nl ) Rothnacum Ronse (nl ), Renaix (fr ) Tamasiacum, Tamisiacum, Temsica Temse (nl ), Tamise (fr ) Teneramonda [6] Dendermonde (nl ) Tornacum Tournai (fr ), Doornik (nl ) Viroviacum, Virovino Wervik (nl ), Wervicq (fr )
Cities and towns in Denmark [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Arus, Arhus Århus Fredericia Fredericia Hafnia Copenhagen (København) Othonia Odense Sora Sorø Wellea Vejle Wibergis Viborg
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Arx Aquilae Kuressaare Pernavia, (Nova) Perona Pärnu Revalia Tallinn Tarbatum, Tharbata Tartu
Cities and towns in Finland [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Aboa Turku – (Åbo) Arctopolis Pori – (Björneborg) Arx Savonum Savonlinna – (Nyslott) Arx Tavastiae, Tavasteburgum Hämeenlinna – (Tavastehus) Borgoa Porvoo – (Borgå) Brahestadium Raahe – (Brahestad) Cajaneburgum Kajaani – (Kajana) Carolina Vetus Kokkola – (Karleby, Gamlakarleby) Christinea Kristinestad – (Kristiinankaupunki) Espo Espoo – (Esbo) Fredericia Hamina – (Fredrikshamn) Granivicus Jyväskylä Helsinkium, Helsingia Helsinki – (Helsingfors) Michaelia Mikkeli – (S:t Michel) Neo-Carolina Nykarleby – (Uusikaarlepyy) Neostadium Uusikaupunki – (Nystad) Ostia Carelorum Joensuu Portus Mariae Mariehamn – (Maarianhamina) Raumoa Rauma – (Raumo) Sala Salo Tammerforsia Tampere – (Tammerfors) Tornea Tornio – (Torneå) Uloa Oulu – (Uleåborg) Vallis Gratiae Naantali – (Nådendal) Vantania Vantaa – (Vanda) Vasa Vaasa – (Vasa)
Cities and towns in France [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Adiacium Ajaccio Alberti campus Champaubert Andematunnum, Lugdunum , Lingones Langres Aquae Sextiae Aix-en-Provence Antissiodorum, Autesiodorum Auxerre Arelate, Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum Arles – (Arle) Argentoratum Strasbourg Arpajonum, Arpajoni castrum, Arpacona Arpajon , Paris Atrebatum Arras , Pas-de-Calais Augusta Argentorate Strasbourg Augustobona Tricassium, Tricassae Troyes Augustodurum, Bajocae, Bajocassium civitas Bayeux Augustodunum Autun Aurelianum Orléans Autricum, civitas Carnutum, Carnutes Chartres Avenio Avignon Belna Beaune Brestum, Brestia, Brivates Portis Brest Briva Isara Pontoise Burdigala Bordeaux Catalaunum, Catelaunorum Châlons-sur-Marne Catculliacum Saint-Denis , Paris Condate Riedonum Rennes Crisenaria Cressy Cularo Grenoble Damovilla Damville Darioritum Vannes Dinia, Diniensium civitas Digne-les-Bains , Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Divio Dijon Divodurum Metz Durocortorum Reims Flavia (GOL: Flaviacum) Saint-Germer-de-Fly , Oise Flaviniacum (GOL: Flaviacum) Flavigny-sur-Ozerain , Côte-d'Or Gesoriacum, Bononia Boulogne-sur-Mer Glanum Saint-Rémy-de-Provence , Bouches-du-Rhône Lemonum, civitas Pictonum, Pictones Poitiers Lugdunum , Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum Lyon Lugdunum Clavatum Laon Lugdunum Convenarum Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges Lutetia Paris Massilia Marseille Medicinum Mézin , Lot-et-Garonne Mediolanum Aulercorum Évreux Mediolanum Santonum Saintes Narbo Martius Narbonne , Aude Nemausus Nîmes Nicaea, Nicia Nice Noviodunum Soissons Noviomagus Lexoviorum (GOL: Lexovium) Lisieux , Calvados Noviomagus Veromanduorum (GOL: Noviomium, Noviomense palatium, Noviomum, Novionum) Noyon , Oise Novio Rito (GOL: Niortum, Novirogus, Nyrax) Niort , Deux-Sèvres Portus Namnetum Nantes Ramboletium Rambouillet Rotomagus Rouen Samarobriva Amiens Sancti Audoeni fanum, villa aut domus Saint-Ouen , Paris Spinetum, Spinogelum, Spinoilum, Espinolum Épinay-sur-Orge , Paris Tolosa Toulouse Tullum Leucorum Toul Caesarodunum, Augusta Turonum, Metropolis civitas Turonum, Turonica civitas, Turones, T(h)oronus Tours Tutelae Tulle Verodunum Verdun – Wirten Vesontio Besançon Vienna Allobrogium Vienne, Isère Viennavicus Vienne-en-Val , Loiret Vierium Vihiers , Maine-et-Loire
Cities and towns in Germany [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Aquae Mattiacorum, Aquae Mattiacae Wiesbaden , Hessen (Colonia Claudia) Ara Agrippinensium Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia Aqua Villae Badenweiler Aquisgrana, Aquis Granum, Aquae Grani, Aquensis urbs, Granis aquae Aachen , Aix-la-Chapelle (fr ), North Rhine-Westphalia Antunnacum Andernach , Rhineland-Palatinate Arae Flaviae Rottweil Asopus Aspe Assindia Essen , North Rhine-Westphalia Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg Augusta Treverorum Trier Aurelia Aquensis Baden-Baden Badena civitas Baden Batavis, Castra Batavorum, Castra Batava Passau Berolinum Berlin Bonna Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia Borbetomagus, Wormatia Worms Brema Bremen Brunsvicum Braunschweig – (Brunswick) Cambodunum Kempten , Bavaria Castra Regina, Ratisbona Regensburg Castrum Novaesium Neuss , North Rhine-Westphalia Chemnitium, Chemnicium Chemnitz Cignavia, Cignea, Cygnea, Cynavia Zwickau Clivia Kleve , North Rhine-Westphalia Colonia Agrippina, Colonia Agrippinensis Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia Colonia Ulpia Traiana, Vetera Xanten , North Rhine-Westphalia (Castellum apud) Confluentes Koblenz Constantia Konstanz – (Constance) Cruciniacum Bad Kreuznach , Rhineland-Palatinate Dispargum Duisburg Dresda Dresden Emetha, Amuthon, Embda, Emda, Embden Emden , East Frisia Erfordia, Erphesfurt Erfurt , Thuringia Esilinga, Ezelinga, Ezzilinga Eßlingen Francofortum ad Moenum Frankfurt am Main Friburgum Brisgoviae Freiburg im Breisgau Goettinga Göttingen Gorlicium Görlitz , Saxony Goslaria Goslar , Lower Saxony Hale Suevice Schwäbisch Hall – Hall in Schwaben, Baden-Württemberg Hamburgum, Hammonia Hamburg Hanovera Hanover – (Hanover) Herbipolis Würzburg Hildanus Hilden Iuliacum Jülich , North Rhine-Westphalia Lauriacum Lorch Lindaugia, Lindavia Lindau Lipsia Leipzig Locoritum Lohr , Bavaria Lubica (GOL: Lubicana, Lubeca, Lubecum, Lubacovia, Lybichi) Lübeck , Schleswig-Holstein Magdeburgum Magdeburg Megalopolis Mecklenburg Misnia (GOL: Misnensis marchia) Meissen , Saxony Moguncia, Moguntia, Moguntiacum, Mogontiacum Mainz Monachium, Monacum Munich (München) Monasterium in Eifel Bad Münstereifel Monasterium Westphaliae Münster Norimberga Nuremberg (Nürnberg) Northusia Nordhausen Novaesium, Novensium Neuss , North Rhine-Westphalia Noviomagus Nemetum (GOL: Augusta Nemetum, Nemetis, Nemodona, Spira, Spiratia, Sphira, Spyrea) Speyer , Rhineland-Palatinate Noviomagus Trevirorum (NLU; GOL: Augusta Trevirorum, Treviris, Treberis) Neumagen-Dhron near Trier Patavia, Castra Batava Passau Ratisbona, Radaspona Regensburg , Bavaria Rigomagus Remagen , North Rhine-Westphalia Rostochium (Rhodopolis) Rostock Sumelocenna Rottenburg am Neckar Stutgardia, Stuogardia Stuttgart Tremonia Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia Tubinga Tübingen Tulpiacum, Tolbiacum Zülpich , Tolbiac (fr ), North Rhine-Westphalia Vetera, Colonia Ulpia Traiana Xanten
Cities and towns in Hungary [ edit ] Cities and towns in Ireland [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Ardachad Ardagh, County Longford (Ardach) Ardmachanus Armagh (Ard Mhacha)[ 1] Attar Adare (Áth Dara)[ 2] Baltifordia Waterford (Port Láirge)[ 3] Campulus Bovis Aghaboe (Achadh Bhó)[ 3] Canic Kilkenny (Cill Chainnigh)[ 3] Carlovia Carlow (Ceatharlach)[ 4] [ 5] Cellumabrath Kilfenora (Cill Fhionnúrach)[ 6] Corcagia (Anuario Pontificio), Coracium Cork (Corcaigh) Dublinum, Dublanensis, Dublenensis, Dublina, Dublinensis, Dublinia, Dubliniensis, Dublinium, Duvelinensis, Eblanda, Erlana (2PG1;[ 7] HLU:[ 8] Kirkruel?;[ 9] GOL:[ 10] Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath) Galvia Galway (Gaillimh) Hanahannassa Ballyhaunis (Béal Átha hAmhnais)[ 11] [ 12] [ 13] Lagisia (Annals of Tigernach ) County Laois (Loígis )[ 14] Manutium Maynooth (Maigh Nuad)[ 15] Nas (Castrum Nasense) Naas (Nás na Ríogh)[ 16] Ruscomia Roscommon (Ros Comáin)[ 17] Saltus Salmonis Leixlip (Léim an Bhradáin)[ 18] Sanctum Nemus (Red Book of Ormond ) Hollywood, County Wicklow (Cillín Chaoimhín)[ 19] [ 20] [ 21]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Rugensis civitas Riga
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Grigoriopolis Grigoriopol Tiraspolis Tiraspol
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Monaecum (GOL: Monoecum, Portus Herculis Monoeci) Monaco
Cities and towns in the Netherlands [ edit ] Cities and towns in Norway [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Asloa Oslo Berga Bergen
Cities and towns in Poland [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Aurimontium, Aureus Mons, Auri Mons Złotoryja Bethania, Bithomia Bytom Bilici-Biala, Bielici-Biala Bielsko-Biała Bydgostia Bydgoszcz Calisia Kalisz Cervimontium, Mons Cervi (adj. cervimontanus, hirschbergensis) Jelenia Góra Cracovia Kraków Culmen Chełmno Elbinga, Elbingus, Elbinca, Elbangum, Elbingense castrum Elbląg Gedania, Gedanum, Dantiscum Gdańsk Glivitium Gliwice Ostrovia Ostrów Wielkopolski Posnania, Poznania Poznań Resovia Rzeszów Sandomir Sandomierz Siradia Sieradz Stargardia Stargard Sedinum, (Stettinum) Szczecin Thorunium Toruń Varsovia, Varsavia Warsaw (Warszawa) Vratislavia, Wratislavia Wrocław
Cities and towns in Russia [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Archangelopolis (GOL: S. Michaeli Archangeli fanum, Michaelopolis) Archangelsk Asovia (GOL: Assovium; HLU: Tanais) Azov Astrachanum Astrachan Belogradum Belgorod Caluga (HLU: Coluga) Kaluga Casanum (GOL: Kazanum) Kazan Catharinoburgum[ 22] Ekaterinburg Columna Kolomna Demitriovia Dmitrov Iaroslavia (GOL: Jereslavia) Yaroslavl Iuliania Ulyanovsk Moscua, Mosqua, Moscovia [7] (HLU: Moscha) Moscow Novogardia Inferior Nizhny Novgorod Novogardia Magna Veliky Novgorod Orenburgum [8] Orenburg Permia Perm Petropolis, Petroburgum (GOL: St. Petri fanum) Saint Petersburg Pscovia, Plescovia Pskov Regiomontium (GOL: Regiomontum, Regalis, Regius) Kaliningrad – Königsberg Resania [9] (GOL: Rhezania; HLU: Rezana) Ryazan Rostovia Rostov Saratovia (HLU: Soratovia) Saratov Smolenscum (GOL: Smolska) Smolensk Stauropolis Stavropol Susdalia (HLU: Susdala) Suzdal Toropetia Toropets Tueria (GOL: Tuera, Twera) Tver Ustiuga Veliky Ustyug Volodimiria Vladimir Vologda (HLU: Volochda) Vologda Viatcia, Venetica Kirov – Vyatka Viburga, Viburgum, Viburgum Careliorum (GOL: Viburgus) Vyborg
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Cassovia Košice Castrum Novum Nové Zámky Bartfa Bardejov Forum Dominarum Bátovce Semnichia Banská Štiavnica Celemantia Iža (Izsa) Cismarcinum, Forum Caseorum Kežmarok Comaromium Komárno Crempnichia Kremnica Leuchovia Levoča Prividia Prievidza Iglovia, Nova Villa Spišská Nová Ves Suburbium, Villa Sub Castro Spišské Vlachy Lublovia Stará Ľubovňa Divinium Devín Villa Theutonicalis Poprad Eperiessinum, Fragopolis Prešov Gerulata Rusovce , Bratislava Laugaricio Trenčín Tyrnavia Trnava Neosolium Banská Bystrica Posonium, Wratisslaburgium[citation needed ] Bratislava Veterosolium, Vetusolium, Solium Zvolen
Cities and towns in Slovenia [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Iustinopolis, Caput Histriae Koper Labacum, Aemona Ljubljana Marburgum Maribor Mons Carniolae Kranjska Gora Nova Urbs Novo Mesto Poetovium Ptuj
Cities and towns in Sweden [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Amalia Åmål Arosia Västerås Boërosia Borås Calmaria Kalmar Caroli Corona Karlskrona Christinae portus Kristinehamn Christiania Kristianstad Cimbrorum portus Simrishamn Clara Vallis Ljusdal Copinga Köping Coronia Landskrona Dalecarlius Dalälven Delisboa Delsbo Eckesioea, Ecksium Eksjö Encopia Enköping Falcopia Falköping Gevalia Gävle Gothia Gothenburg (Göteborg) Halmostadium Halmstad Hiovia Hjo Holmia, Stockholmia Stockholm Hudvicovaldum Hudiksvall Iuncopia Jönköping Lagaholmia Laholm (older Swedish name: Lagaholm) Lidcopia Lidköping Lincopia Linköping Lindesberga, Linda Lindesberg Lula Luleå Lunda Lund Malmögia Malmö Medicorum villa Medevibrunn Nicopia Nyköping Norcopia Norrköping Örebrogia Örebro Øresundae Öresund Pax Mariae Mariefred Pitovia Piteå Schedina Skövde Stenbrovium Stenbro Stocholmia, Holmia Stockholm Sudercopia Söderköping Telga Södertälje (older Swedish name: Tälje) Upsala Uppsala Uraniburgum Uranienborg Urbs Mariae Mariestad Vadstenium Vadstena Vemmaria, Wemmaria Vimmerby Vexionia Växjö Visbia Visby Visingsburgum, Wisingsburgum Visingsborg Ystadium, Istadium, Ustadium Ystad
Cities and towns in Switzerland [ edit ] Cities and towns in Ukraine [ edit ] Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s)) English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s) Alexandria Oleksandriia Alustum, Lusta Alushta Bialoquerca Bila Tserkva Calamita Inkerman Caulita Yalta Charcovia, Charkovia Kharkiv Chiovia, Kiovia Kyiv Chersonium Kherson Chersonesus Nordica Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi Czernihovia Chernihiv Eupatoria Yevpatoria Leopolis Lviv Marinopolis Mariiampil Mariupolis Mariupol Melitopolis Melitopol Novogardia Severiae Novhorod-Siverskyi Ovidiopolis Ovidiopol Panticapaeum, Cimmericum, Bosporus Cimmericum Kerch Pereaslavia Pereiaslav Sebastopolis, Chersonesus Taurica Sevastopol Solcata Stary Krym Sugdaia Sudak Symbolum Portus Balaklava Sympheropolis, Neapolis Scythica Simferopol Ternopolis Ternopil Theodoros, Doros Mangup Theodosia, Caffa Feodosia Theophania Feofaniia
^ "Miraculum Hyberniae sine miraculo, alter Domini praecursor, S. Patricius archiepiscopus ardmachanus consueto panegyrico honoratus ..." Helm. 17 June 2018 – via Google Books. ^ Caroline Wyndham- Quin (countess of Dunraven.) (18 June 1865). "Memorials of Adare manor. With historical notices of Adare, by the earl of Dunraven E.R.W. WyndhamQuin" – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records . Genealogical Publishing Com. 17 June 2018. ISBN 9780806302362 – via Google Books. ^ "Turtle Bunbury – Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland" . www.turtlebunbury.com . 2 November 2021. ^ Suibhne, Peadar Mac (18 June 1976). "Carlovia 1-3" . [The author],] – via Google Books. ^ Bingham, Joseph (17 June 2018). "Origines Ecclesiasticæ: The Antiquities of the Christian Church. With Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution" . H.G. Bohn – via Google Books. ^ 2PG1 : Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Geographia ; book "PG" chapter (that is, "2PG1" instead of the usual "II.1"). Ptolemy wrote in Greek , so names are transliterated back into Latin to reveal the original form ^ HLU : Hofmann, Johann Jacob (1635–1706): Lexicon Universale ^ '?' probably historical mistake ^ GOL : The standard reference to Latin placenames, with their modern equivalents, is Dr. J. G. Th. Grässe , Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (1861), an exhaustive work of meticulous German scholarship that is available on-line in the second edition of 1909. To use it, one must understand German names of countries, as they were in 1909. The original was re-edited and expanded in a multi-volume edition in 1972. ^ "The Name, Ballyhaunis Co. Mayo, in the West of Ireland – mayo-ireland.ie" . ^ http://www.annaghmag.ie/files/Download/Annagh%201983.pdf [bare URL PDF ] ^ "The Irish Ecclesiastical Record" . Browne and Nolan. 18 June 2018 – via Google Books. ^ "Publications" . 1847. ^ "Catalogus librorum impressorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae in Academia Oxoniensi" . E Typographeo Academico. 17 June 2018 – via Google Books. ^ Dimock, James Francis (1867). "Topographia hibernica et expugnatio hibernica" . ^ The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records . Genealogical Publishing Com. 17 June 2018. ISBN 9780806302362 – via Google Books. ^ "Leixlip – Irish Place Names" . www.libraryireland.com . ^ "From A to W – The Placenames of Co. Wicklow – Places – County Wicklow Heritage" . www.countywicklowheritage.org . ^ "Hollywood, County Wicklow and Hollywood, California – Wicklow County Tourism" . visitwicklow.ie . 25 February 2015. ^ Butler, John (1 December 2016). "The birthplace of Johannes de Sacrobosco" . Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland . JRSAI Vol. 144-145 (2014–15): 77-86 – via ResearchGate. ^ Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum Archived 2012-07-14 at archive.today In order of likely publication:
PNH : Pliny (Gaius Plinius Secundus), Naturalis Historia ; book "PNH" chapter (that is, "37PNH81" instead of the usual "N.H.xxxvii.81"). PG : Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Geographia ; book "PG" chapter (that is, "2PG3" instead of the usual "II.3"). Ptolemy wrote in Greek , so names are transliterated back into Latin to reveal the original form. HLU : Hofmann, Johann Jacob (1635–1706): Lexicon Universale GOL : The standard reference to Latin placenames, with their modern equivalents, is Dr. J. G. Th. Grässe , Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (1861), an exhaustive work of meticulous German scholarship that is available on-line in the second edition of 1909. To use it, one must understand German names of countries, as they were in 1909. The original was re-edited and expanded in a multi-volume edition in 1972.
Place names City names State, county and province names Double place names Indigenous origin By language of origin