List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]
At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2023, the prize has been awarded to 192 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911).[7]
There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919,[9] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921,[10] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922,[11] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926,[12] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928,[13] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939,[14] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944,[15] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945.[16]
In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.[17]
Laureates
[edit]Year | Image | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | ![]() | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911) | ![]() | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" | [18] |
1902 | ![]() | Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) | ![]() | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" | [19] |
1903 | ![]() | Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) | ![]() | "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" | [20] |
1904 | ![]() | Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) | ![]() | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" | [21] |
1905 | ![]() | Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917) | ![]() | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" | [22] |
1906 | ![]() | Henri Moissan (1852–1907) | ![]() | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" | [23] |
1907 | ![]() | Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) | ![]() | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" | [24] |
1908 | ![]() | Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) | ![]() ![]() | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" | [25] |
1909 | ![]() | Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) | ![]() | "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" | [26] |
1910 | ![]() | Otto Wallach (1847–1931) | ![]() | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" | [27] |
1911 | ![]() | Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934) | ![]() ( ![]() ![]() | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" | [28] |
1912 | ![]() | Victor Grignard (1871–1935) | ![]() | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" | [29] |
![]() | Paul Sabatier (1854–1941) | ![]() | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" | [29] | |
1913 | ![]() | Alfred Werner (1866–1919) | ![]() | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" | [30] |
1914 | ![]() | Theodore William Richards (1868–1928) | ![]() | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" | [8] |
1915 | ![]() | Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942) | ![]() | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" | [31] |
1916 | Not awarded | ||||
1917 | |||||
1918 | ![]() | Fritz Haber (1868–1934) | ![]() | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" | [9] |
1919 | Not awarded | ||||
1920 | ![]() | Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941) | ![]() | "[for] his work in thermochemistry" | [10] |
1921 | ![]() | Frederick Soddy (1877–1956) | ![]() | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" | [11] |
1922 | ![]() | Francis William Aston (1877–1945) | ![]() | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" | [32] |
1923 | ![]() | Fritz Pregl (1869–1930) | ![]() ![]() | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" | [33] |
1924 | Not awarded | ||||
1925 | ![]() | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) | ![]() ![]() | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" | [12] |
1926 | ![]() | The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971) | ![]() | "for his work on disperse systems" | [34] |
1927 | ![]() | Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957) | ![]() | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" | [13] |
1928 | ![]() | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959) | ![]() | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" | [35] |
1929 | ![]() | Arthur Harden (1865–1940) | ![]() | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" | [36] |
![]() | Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964) | ![]() ![]() | |||
1930 | ![]() | Hans Fischer (1881–1945) | ![]() | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" | [37] |
1931 | ![]() | Carl Bosch (1874–1940) | ![]() | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" | [38] |
![]() | Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949) | ![]() | |||
1932 | ![]() | Irving Langmuir (1881–1957) | ![]() | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" | [39] |
1933 | Not awarded | ||||
1934 | ![]() | Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981) | ![]() | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" | [40] |
1935 | ![]() | Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958) | ![]() | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" | [41] |
![]() | Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) | ![]() | |||
1936 | ![]() | Peter Debye (1884–1966) | ![]() | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" | [42] |
1937 | ![]() | Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950) | ![]() | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" | [43] |
![]() | Paul Karrer (1889–1971) | ![]() | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | ||
1938 | ![]() | Richard Kuhn (1900–1967) | ![]() | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" | [14] |
1939 | ![]() | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995) | ![]() | "for his work on sex hormones" | [44] |
![]() | Leopold Ružička (1887–1976) | ![]() ![]() | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | [44] | |
1940 | Not awarded | ||||
1941 | |||||
1942 | |||||
1943 | ![]() | George de Hevesy (1885–1966) | ![]() | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" | [15] |
1944 | ![]() | Otto Hahn (1879–1968) | ![]() | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" | [16] |
1945 | ![]() | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973) | ![]() | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" | [45] |
1946 | ![]() | James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955) | ![]() | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" | [46] |
![]() | John Howard Northrop (1891–1987) | ![]() | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | [46] | |
![]() | Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971) | ![]() | |||
1947 | ![]() | Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975) | ![]() | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" | [47] |
1948 | ![]() | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971) | ![]() | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" | [48] |
1949 | ![]() | William Francis Giauque (1895–1982) | ![]() | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" | [49] |
1950 | ![]() | Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954) | ![]() | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" | [50] |
![]() | Kurt Alder (1902–1958) | ![]() | |||
1951 | ![]() | Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991) | ![]() | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" | [51] |
![]() | Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999) | ![]() | |||
1952 | ![]() | Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002) | ![]() | "for their invention of partition chromatography" | [52] |
![]() | Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994) | ![]() | |||
1953 | ![]() | Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965) | ![]() | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" | [53] |
1954 | ![]() | Linus Pauling (1901–1994) | ![]() | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" | [54] |
1955 | ![]() | Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) | ![]() | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" | [55] |
1956 | ![]() | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967) | ![]() | "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" | [56] |
![]() | Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986) | ![]() | |||
1957 | ![]() | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997) | ![]() | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" | [57] |
1958 | ![]() | Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | ![]() | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" | [58] |
1959 | ![]() | Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967) | ![]() | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" | [59] |
1960 | ![]() | Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980) | ![]() | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" | [60] |
1961 | ![]() | Melvin Calvin (1911–1997) | ![]() | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" | [61] |
1962 | ![]() | Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002) | ![]() | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" | [62] |
![]() | John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997) | ![]() | |||
1963 | ![]() | Karl Ziegler (1898–1973) | ![]() | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" | [63] |
![]() | Giulio Natta (1903–1979) | ![]() | |||
1964 | ![]() | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) | ![]() | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" | [64] |
1965 | ![]() | Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) | ![]() | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" | [65] |
1966 | ![]() | Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986) | ![]() | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" | [66] |
1967 | ![]() | Manfred Eigen (1927–2019) | ![]() | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" | [67] |
![]() | Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978) | ![]() | |||
![]() | George Porter (1920–2002) | ![]() | |||
1968 | ![]() | Lars Onsager (1903–1976) | ![]() ![]() | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" | [68] |
1969 | ![]() | Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998) | ![]() | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" | [69] |
![]() | Odd Hassel (1897–1981) | ![]() | |||
1970 | ![]() | Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987) | ![]() | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" | [70] |
1971 | ![]() | Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999) | ![]() ![]() | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" | [71] |
1972 | ![]() | Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995) | ![]() | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" | [72] |
![]() | Stanford Moore (1913–1982) | ![]() | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" | [72] | |
![]() | William H. Stein (1911–1980) | ![]() | |||
1973 | ![]() | Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007) | ![]() | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" | [73] |
![]() | Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996) | ![]() | |||
1974 | ![]() | Paul J. Flory (1910–1985) | ![]() | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" | [74] |
1975 | ![]() | John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013) | ![]() ![]() | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" | [75] |
![]() | Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998) | ![]() ![]() | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" | [75] | |
1976 | ![]() | William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011) | ![]() | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" | [76] |
1977 | ![]() | Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) | ![]() | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" | [77] |
1978 | ![]() | Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992) | ![]() | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" | [78] |
1979 | ![]() | Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004) | ![]() | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" | [79] |
![]() | Georg Wittig (1897–1987) | ![]() | |||
1980 | ![]() | Paul Berg (1926–2023) | ![]() | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" | [80] |
![]() | Walter Gilbert (b. 1932) | ![]() | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | [80] | |
![]() | Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | ![]() | |||
1981 | ![]() | Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998) | ![]() | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" | [81] |
![]() | Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937) | ![]() ![]() | |||
1982 | ![]() | Aaron Klug (1926–2018) | ![]() | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" | [82] |
1983 | ![]() | Henry Taube (1915–2005) | ![]() | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" | [83] |
1984 | ![]() | Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006) | ![]() | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" | [84] |
1985 | ![]() | Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011) | ![]() | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" | [85] |
![]() | Jerome Karle (1918–2013) | ![]() | |||
1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932) | ![]() | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" | [86] | |
![]() | Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936) | ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | John C. Polanyi (b. 1929) | ![]() ![]() | |||
1987 | ![]() | Donald J. Cram (1919–2001) | ![]() | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" | [87] |
![]() | Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939) | ![]() | |||
Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989) | ![]() | ||||
1988 | ![]() | Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943) | ![]() | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" | [88] |
Robert Huber (b. 1937) | ![]() | ||||
![]() | Hartmut Michel (b. 1948) | ![]() | |||
1989 | ![]() | Sidney Altman (1939–2022) | ![]() ![]() | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" | [89] |
![]() | Thomas Cech (b. 1947) | ![]() | |||
1990 | ![]() | Elias James Corey (b. 1928) | ![]() | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" | [90] |
1991 | ![]() | Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021) | ![]() | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" | [91] |
1992 | ![]() | Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923) | ![]() ![]() | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" | [92] |
1993 | ![]() | Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019) | ![]() | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" | [93] |
![]() | Michael Smith (1932–2000) | ![]() | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" | [93] | |
1994 | ![]() | George A. Olah (1927–2017) | ![]() ![]() | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" | [94] |
1995 | ![]() | Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021) | ![]() | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" | [95] |
![]() | Mario J. Molina (1943–2020) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012) | ![]() | |||
1996 | ![]() | Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022) | ![]() | "for their discovery of fullerenes" | [96] |
![]() | Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005) | ![]() | |||
1997 | ![]() | Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018) | ![]() | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" | [97] |
![]() | John E. Walker (b. 1941) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Jens C. Skou (1918–2018) | ![]() | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" | [97] | |
1998 | ![]() | Walter Kohn (1923–2016) | ![]() | "for his development of the density-functional theory" | [98] |
![]() | John A. Pople (1925–2004) | ![]() | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | [98] | |
1999 | ![]() | Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016) | ![]() ![]() | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" | [99] |
2000 | ![]() | Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936) | ![]() | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" | [100] |
![]() | Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007) | ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936) | ![]() | |||
2001 | ![]() | William S. Knowles (1917–2012) | ![]() | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" | [101] |
![]() | Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938) | ![]() | |||
![]() | K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | ![]() | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" | [101] | |
2002 | ![]() | John B. Fenn (1917–2010) | ![]() | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" | [102] |
![]() | Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938) | ![]() | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" | [102] | |
2003 | ![]() | Peter Agre (b. 1949) | ![]() | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" | [103] |
![]() | Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956) | ![]() | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" | [103] | |
2004 | ![]() | Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947) | ![]() | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" | [104] |
![]() | Avram Hershko (b. 1937) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Irwin Rose (1926–2015) | ![]() | |||
2005 | ![]() | Yves Chauvin (1930–2015) | ![]() | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" | [105] |
![]() | Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945) | ![]() | |||
2006 | Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947) | ![]() | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" | [106] | |
2007 | ![]() | Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936) | ![]() | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" | [107] |
2008 | ![]() | Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018) | ![]() | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" | [109] |
![]() | Martin Chalfie (b. 1947) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016) | ![]() | |||
2009 | ![]() | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952) | ![]() ![]() | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" | [110] |
![]() | Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939) | ![]() | |||
2010 | ![]() | Richard F. Heck (1931–2015) | ![]() | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" | [111] |
![]() | Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Akira Suzuki (b. 1930) | ![]() | |||
2011 | ![]() | Dan Shechtman (b. 1941) | ![]() ![]() | "for the discovery of quasicrystals" | [112] |
2012 | ![]() | Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943) | ![]() | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" | [113] |
![]() | Brian Kobilka (b. 1955) | ![]() | |||
2013 | ![]() | Martin Karplus (b. 1930) | ![]() ![]() | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" | [114] |
![]() | Michael Levitt (b. 1947) | ![]() ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | Arieh Warshel (b. 1940) | ![]() ![]() | |||
2014 | ![]() | Eric Betzig (b. 1960) | ![]() | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" | [116] |
![]() | Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962) | ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | William E. Moerner (b. 1953) | ![]() | |||
2015 | ![]() | Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938) | ![]() ![]() | "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" | [118] |
![]() | Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Aziz Sancar (b. 1946) | ![]() ![]() | |||
2016 | ![]() | Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944) | ![]() | "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" | [119] |
![]() | Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942) | ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | Ben Feringa (b. 1951) | ![]() | |||
2017 | ![]() | Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942) | ![]() | "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" | [120] |
![]() | Joachim Frank (b. 1940) | ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | Richard Henderson (b. 1945) | ![]() | |||
2018 | ![]() | Frances Arnold (b. 1956) | ![]() | "for the directed evolution of enzymes" | [122] |
![]() | George Smith (b. 1941) | ![]() | "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies" | ||
![]() | Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951) | ![]() | |||
2019 | ![]() | John B. Goodenough (1922–2023) | ![]() | "for the development of lithium ion batteries" | [123] |
![]() | M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941) | ![]() ![]() | |||
![]() | Akira Yoshino (b. 1948) | ![]() | |||
2020 | ![]() | Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968) | ![]() | "for the development of a method for genome editing" | [124] |
![]() | Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964) | ![]() | |||
2021 | ![]() | Benjamin List (b. 1968) | ![]() | "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" | [125] |
![]() | David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968) | ![]() ![]() | |||
2022 | ![]() | Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966) | ![]() | "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" | [126] |
![]() | Morten Meldal (b. 1954) | ![]() | |||
![]() | K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | ![]() | |||
2023 | ![]() | Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961) | ![]() ![]() ![]() | "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" | [127] |
![]() | Louis E. Brus (b. 1943) | ![]() | |||
![]() | Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945) | ![]() |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
Citations
[edit]- ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (3 December 2001). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
- ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234612. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534612I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. PMC 7390258. PMID 32726312.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "Microscope work wins Nobel Prize". BBC. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ "Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae Archived 9 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Archived 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
Sources
[edit]- "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- "Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Archived 21 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- Official website of the Nobel Foundation Archived 5 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- (List of) Nobel Laureates and research affiliations Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine at NobelPrize.org