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The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, the extent of their urban area, or their metropolitan regions.

Definitions

City proper (administrative)

Main article: City proper
Map
The municipality of Chongqing, China, whose administrative jurisdictional area is approximately the size of Austria, has the largest population of any city proper; over 70% of its residents live in rural areas.

A city can be defined by its administrative boundaries, otherwise known as city proper. UNICEF defines city proper as, "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority." A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government.[1][2][3] Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs.[4]

The use of city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives.[4] Because of this definition, the city proper population figure may differ greatly from the urban area population figure, as many cities are amalgamations of smaller municipalities (Australia), and conversely, many Chinese cities govern territories that extend well beyond the core urban area into suburban and rural areas.[5] The Chinese municipality of Chongqing, which is the largest city proper in the world by population, comprises a huge administrative area of 82,403 km2, around the size of Austria. However, more than 70% of its 30-million population are agricultural workers living in a rural setting.[6][7]

Urban area

Main article: Urban area

A city can be defined as a conditionally contiguous urban area, without regard to territorial or other boundaries inside an urban area. UNICEF defines urban area as follows:

The definition of "urban" varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult. An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following: administrative criteria or political boundaries (e.g., area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee), a threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people, although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000), population density, economic function (e.g., where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment) or the presence of urban characteristics (e.g., paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage).

According to Demographia, an urban area is a continuously built up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market (metropolitan area or metropolitan region) and contains no rural land.[8]

Metropolitan area

Main article: Metropolitan area
Tokyo, the world's largest city and metropolitan area

A city can be defined by the inhabitants of its demographic population, as by metropolitan area, or labour market area. UNICEF defines metropolitan area as follows:

A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its primary commuter areas, typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people (i.e., a population of at least 100,000). In addition to the city proper, a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding territory with urban levels of residential density and some additional lower-density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city (e.g., through frequent transport, road linkages or commuting facilities).

In many countries, metropolitan areas are established either with an official organisation or only for statistical purposes. In the United States, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB).[9] In the Philippines, metropolitan areas have an official agency, such as Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), which manages Manila metropolitan area.[10] Similar agencies exist in Indonesia, such as Jabodetabekjur Development Cooperation Agency for Jakarta metropolitan area.[11]

List

For newer estimates, see Megacity § List of megacities.

There are 81 cities in the world with a population exceeding 5 million people, according to 2018 estimates by the United Nations. The UN figures include a mixture of city proper, metropolitan area, and urban area.[12]

City[a] Country UN 2018 population estimates[b] City proper[c] Urban area[8] Metropolitan area[d]
Definition Population Area
(km2) 		Density
(/km2) 		Population Area
(km2) 		Density
(/km2) 		Population Area
(km2) 		Density
(/km2)
Tokyo  Japan 37,468,000 Metropolis prefecture 13,515,271 2,191 6,169
[13] 		37,732,000 8,231 4,584
[e] 		37,274,000 13,452 2,771
[14]
Delhi  India 28,514,000 Municipal corporation 16,753,235 1,484 11,289
[15] 		32,226,000 2,344 13,748
[f] 		29,000,000 3,483 8,326
[16]
Shanghai  China 25,582,000 Municipality 24,870,895 6,341 3,922
[17][18] 		24,073,000 4,333 5,556
[g] 		— — —
São Paulo  Brazil 21,650,000 Municipality 12,252,023 1,521 8,055
[19] 		23,086,000 3,649 6,327
[h] 		21,734,682 7,947 2,735
[20]
Mexico City  Mexico 21,581,000 City-state 9,209,944 1,485 6,202
[21] 		21,804,000 2,530 8,618 21,804,515 7,866 2,772
[22]
Cairo  Egypt 20,076,000 Urban governorate 10,044,894 3,085 3,256
[23]
20,296,000 2,010 10,098 — — —
Mumbai  India 19,980,000 Municipal corporation 12,478,447 603 20,694
[24] 		24,973,000 976 25,587
[i] 		23,598,000 6,328 3,729
[25]
Beijing  China 19,618,000 Municipality 21,893,095 16,411 1,334
[17][18] 		18,522,000 4,284 4,324 — — —
Dhaka  Bangladesh 19,578,000 Capital city 10,295,407 338 30,460
[26][27] 		18,627,000 619 30,092 14,543,124
[28] 		— —
Osaka  Japan 19,281,000 Designated city 2,725,006 225 12,111
[13] 		15,126,000 3,020 5,009
[j] 		19,303,000 13,228 1,459
[14]
New York City  United States 18,819,000 City 8,804,190 778 11,316
[29] 		21,509,000 12,093 1,779
[k] 		MSA: 19,557,311; CSA: 23,143,097 [30] 12,093 1,665
Tehran  Iran 16,896,000 Capital city 9,033,003 751 12,028
[31][32] 		14,148,000 1,704 8,303 — — —
Karachi  Pakistan 15,400,000 Metropolitan city 20,382,881 3,530 5,774
[33][34] 		15,738,000 1,124 14,002 20,382,000 3,780 5,392
[35][36]
Buenos Aires  Argentina 14,967,000 Autonomous city 3,054,300 203 15,046
[37] 		16,710,000 3,437 4,862 12,806,866
[38] 		— —
Chongqing  China 14,838,000 Municipality 32,054,159 82,403 389
[39][18] 		12,135,000 1,580 7,680 — — —
Istanbul  Turkey 14,751,000 Metropolitan municipality 15,519,267 5,196 2,987
[40] 		14,441,000 1,471 9,817 — — —
Kolkata  India 15,333,000 Municipal corporation 4,496,694 206 21,829
[41] 		21,747,000 1,352 16,085 15,333,000 1,887 8,126
[42]
Manila  Philippines 13,482,000 Capital city 1,780,148 43 41,399
[43] 		24,922,000 1,911 13,041
[l] 		12,877,253 620 20,770
[43]
Lagos  Nigeria 13,463,000 Metropolitan city — — — 16,637,000 1,966 8,462 21,000,000 1,171 17,933
[44]
Rio de Janeiro  Brazil 13,293,000 Municipality 6,520,000 1,221 5,340
[45] 		12,592,000 2,020 6,234 12,644,321 5,327 2,374
[46]
Tianjin  China 13,215,000 Municipality 13,866,009 11,920 1,163
[17][18] 		10,368,000 2,813 3,686 — — —
Kinshasa  DR Congo 13,171,000 City-province 17,071,000 9,965 1,713
[47] 		12,836,000 474 27,080 — — —
Guangzhou  China 12,638,000 City (sub-provincial) 18,676,605 7,434 2,512
[17] 		26,940,000 4,535 5,940
[m] 		— — —
Los Angeles  United States 12,458,000 City 3,990,456 1,214 3,287
[29] 		15,204,000 6,351 2,394 MSA: 13,291,486; CSA: 18,372,485
[48] 		12,559 1,058
Moscow  Russia 12,410,000 Federal city 13,200,000 2,511 5,257
[49][50] 		17,332,000 6,154 2,816 20,004,462
[51] 		— —
Shenzhen  China 11,908,000 City (sub-provincial) 17,494,398 2,050 8,534
[17] 		17,619,000 1,803 9,772 — — —
Lahore  Pakistan 11,738,000 Metropolitan city 13,004,135 1,772 7,339
[52] 		12,306,000 945 13,022 — — —
Bangalore  India 11,440,000 Municipal corporation 8,443,675 709 11,909
[53] 		15,386,000 1,401 10,982 — — —
Paris  France 10,901,000 Commune 2,148,271 105 20,460
[54] 		11,060,000 2,853 3,877 12,244,807 18,941 646
Bogotá  Colombia 10,574,000 Capital District 7,963,000 1,587 5,018
[55] 		10,085,000 562 17,945 12,545,272 5,934 2,114
[56]
Jakarta  Indonesia 10,517,000 Special region 10,154,134 664 15,292
[57] 		33,756,000 3,546 9,519
[n] 		33,430,285 7,063 4,733
[58]
Chennai  India 10,456,000 Municipal corporation 6,727,000 426 15,791
[59][60] 		12,395,000 1,085 11,424 11,564,000 2,280 5,072
[61]
Lima  Peru 10,391,000 Metropolitan municipality 8,894,000 2,672 3,329
[62] 		10,320,000 891 11,582 9,569,468 2,819 3,395
[63]
Bangkok  Thailand 10,156,000 Special administrative area 8,305,218 1,569 5,293
[64] 		18,007,000 3,199 5,629 16,255,900 7,762 2,094
[65]
Seoul  South Korea 9,963,000 Special city 10,013,781 605 16,552
[66] 		23,016,000 2,769 8,312 25,514,000 11,704 2,180
[66]
Nagoya  Japan 9,507,000 Designated city 2,320,361 326 7,118
[13] 		9,197,000 3,704 2,483 9,363,000 7,271 1,288
[14]
Hyderabad  India 9,482,000 Municipal corporation 6,993,262 650 10,759
[67][68] 		10,494,000 1,404 7,474 — — —
London  United Kingdom 9,046,000 Capital city 8,825,001 1,572 5,614
[69] 		11,262,000 1,738 6,480 14,372,596
[70] 		8,382 1,715
Chicago  United States 8,864,000 City 2,746,388 589 4,663
[29] 		9,057,000 7,006 1,293 MSA: 9,618,502; CSA: 9,806,184
[71] 		18,640 516
Chengdu  China 8,813,000 City (sub-provincial) 20,937,757 14,378 1,456
[17] 		20,937,757 1,935 10,821 — — —
Nanjing  China 8,245,000 City (sub-provincial) 9,314,685 6,582 1,415
[17] 		8,422,000 1,614 5,218 — — —
Wuhan  China 8,176,000 City (sub-provincial) 12,447,718 8,494 1,465
[17] 		12,447,718 1,722 7,229 — — —
Ho Chi Minh City  Vietnam 8,145,000 Municipality 7,431,000 2,061 3,606
[72] 		15,136,000 2,165 6,991 — — —
Luanda  Angola 7,774,000 Municipality 2,165,867 116 18,671
[73] 		9,051,000 1,005 9,006 — — —
Ahmedabad  India 7,681,000 Municipal corporation 5,570,585 464 12,006
[74] 		8,009,000 404 19,824 6,300,000
[75] 		— —
Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 7,564,000 City 1,768,000 243 7,276
[76] 		8,911,000 2,163 4,120 7,200,000 2,793 2,578
[77]
Xi'an  China 7,444,000 City (sub-provincial) 12,183,280 10,135 1,202
[17] 		12,328,000 1,826 6,751 — — —
Hong Kong  Hong Kong 7,429,000 Special administrative region 7,298,600 1,104 6,611
[78][79] 		7,450,000 290 25,690 — — —
Dongguan  China 7,360,000 Prefecture-level city 10,466,625 2,465 4,246
[17] 		10,646,000 1,759 6,052 — — —
Hangzhou  China 7,236,000 City (sub-provincial) 11,936,010 16,596 719
[17] 		9,523,000 1,344 7,086 — — —
Foshan  China 7,236,000 Prefecture-level city 9,498,863 3,848 2,469
[17] 		—
[o] 		— — — — —
Shenyang  China 6,921,000 City (sub-provincial) 8,294,000 12,980 639
[17] 		7,964,000 1,551 5,135
[p] 		— — —
Riyadh  Saudi Arabia 6,907,000 Municipality 6,694,000 1,913 3,499
[80] 		7,237,000 1,673 4,326 — — —
Baghdad  Iraq 6,812,000 Urban governorate 8,126,755 5,200 1,563
[81] 		6,183,000 694 8,909 — — —
Santiago  Chile 6,680,000 City (commune) 236,453 22 10,748
[82] 		7,171,000 1,147 6,252 7,112,808 15,403 462
[83]
Surat  India 6,564,000 Municipal corporation 4,466,826 327 13,660
[84] 		6,538,000 238 27,471 — — —
Madrid  Spain 6,497,000 Municipality 3,266,126 606 5,390
[85] 		6,211,000 1,365 4,550 6,641,649 — —
Suzhou  China 6,339,000 Prefecture-level city 12,748,262 8,488 1,502
[17] 		6,031,000 1,386 4,351 — — —
Pune  India 6,276,000 Municipal corporation 3,124,458 485 6,447
[86] 		8,231,000 650 12,663 7,276,000 7,256 1,003
[87]
Harbin  China 6,115,000 City (sub-provincial) 10,635,971 53,068 200
[17] 		3,830,000 671 5,708 — — —
Houston  United States 6,115,000 City 2,325,502 1,553 1,497
[29] 		6,500,000 4,931 1,318 6,997,384 21,395 327
[88]
Dallas  United States 6,099,000 City 1,345,047 882 1,525
[29] 		6,950,000 5,278 1,317
[q] 		7,470,158 22,463 333
[89]
Toronto  Canada 6,082,000 City 2,731,571 630 4,336
[90][91] 		6,771,000 2,344 2,889 5,928,040 5,906 1,004
[92]
Dar es Salaam  Tanzania 6,048,000 City 5,383,728 1,393 3,865
[93] 		7,962,000 961 8,285 — — —
Miami  United States 6,036,000 City 470,914 93 5,069
[29] 		6,058,000 3,313 1,829 6,158,824 15,890 388
Belo Horizonte  Brazil 5,972,000 City 2,502,557 331 7,563 5,328,000 1,287 4,140 5,156,217 9,459 545
Singapore  Singapore 5,792,000 Country 5,638,700 726 7,770 5,983,000 523 11,440 — — —
Philadelphia  United States 5,695,000 Consolidated city-county 1,526,006 370 4,129 5,799,000 5,429 1,068 MSA: 6,096,120; CSA: 7,381,187 — —
Atlanta  United States 5,572,000 City 498,715 354 1,408 5,478,000 7,400 740 5,949,951 21,690 274
Fukuoka  Japan 5,551,000 Designated city 1,588,924 343 4,627 2,286,000 505 4,527 — — —
Khartoum  Sudan 5,534,000 — 1,410,858
[94] 		— — 7,869,000 1,031 7,632 — — —
Barcelona  Spain 5,494,000 Municipality 1,620,343 101 15,980
[95] 		4,800,000 1,072 4,478 5,474,482
[96] 		— —
Johannesburg  South Africa 5,486,000 Metropolitan municipality 4,803,262 1,643 2,924[97] 14,586,000 4,040 3,610
[r] 		— — —
Saint Petersburg  Russia 5,383,000 Federal city 5,601,911 1,400 4,001[98] 5,445,000 1,510 3,606 — — —
Qingdao  China 5,381,000 City (sub-provincial) 10,071,722 11,229 897[99] 6,229,000 1,759 3,541 — — —
Dalian  China 5,300,000 City (sub-provincial) 7,450,785 13,742 542[100] 4,135,000 1,044 3,961 — — —
Washington  United States 5,207,000 Federal district 702,455 177 3,969
[29] 		7,631,000 5,501 1,387
[s] 		6,263,245 17,009 368
[101]
Yangon  Myanmar 5,157,000 City 4,728,524[102] — — 6,874,000 666 10,321 — — —
Alexandria  Egypt 5,086,000 Urban governorate 5,441,866 2,300 2,366[103] 4,712,000 293 16,082 — — —
Jinan  China 5,052,000 City (sub-provincial) 9,202,432 10,244 898
[17][18] 		4,017,000 932 4,310 — — —
Guadalajara  Mexico 5,023,000 Municipality 1,385,621 151 9,176
[21] 		5,525,000 816 6,771 5,286,642 3,560 1,485
  • Tokyo, Japan: 39.1 million people (urban area)
    Tokyo, Japan: 39.1 million people (urban area)
  • Jakarta, Indonesia: 34.5 million people (urban area)
    Jakarta, Indonesia: 34.5 million people (urban area)
  • Delhi, India: 32.2 million people (urban area)
    Delhi, India: 32.2 million people (urban area)
  • Manila, Philippines: 28 million people (metropolitan area)
    Manila, Philippines: 28 million people (metropolitan area)
  • Seoul, South Korea: 26 million people (metropolitan area)
    Seoul, South Korea: 26 million people (metropolitan area)
  • Shanghai, China: 24.8 million people (municipal area)
    Shanghai, China: 24.8 million people (municipal area)
  • São Paulo, Brazil: 22 million people (metropolitan area)
    São Paulo, Brazil: 22 million people (metropolitan area)
  • Beijing, China: 21.9 million people (municipal area)
    Beijing, China: 21.9 million people (municipal area)
  • Mexico City, Mexico: 21.8 million people (metropolitan area)
    Mexico City, Mexico: 21.8 million people (metropolitan area)
  • Mumbai, India: 20.7 million people (metropolitan area)
    Mumbai, India: 20.7 million people (metropolitan area)
  • Cairo, Egypt: 20.3 million people (urban area)
    Cairo, Egypt: 20.3 million people (urban area)
  • New York City, U.S.: 19.4 million people (urban area)
    New York City, U.S.: 19.4 million people (urban area)
  • Bangalore, India: 15 million people (metropolitan area)
    Bangalore, India: 15 million people (metropolitan area)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ For urban/metropolitan areas that have more than one core city, the figure for their city proper should use either the most populous one (e.g. Dallas for Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex) or the best-known one (e.g. Manila for Metro Manila, instead of Quezon City).
  2. ^ UN figures for each cities are varied between city proper, metropolitan area, and urban agglomeration.[12]
  3. ^ Figures taken from official census when possible
  4. ^ Figures taken from official census when possible
  5. ^ Includes large areas Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama prefectures and smaller areas of Gunma, Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures.
  6. ^ Includes Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh urban areas and New Delhi.
  7. ^ Includes Taicang
  8. ^ Includes Francisco Morato
  9. ^ Includes Kalyan and urban areas of Panvel, Bhiwandi and Vasai-Virar.
  10. ^ Includes major cities of Kobe and Kyoto, collectively also known as Keihanshin area.
  11. ^ Includes Bridgeport, New Haven, Trenton, Danbury, Waterbury and Twin Rivers urban areas.
  12. ^ The continuous urbanization of Manila extends outward its Metro Manila into other neighbouring provinces such as Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Pampanga and Batangas provinces.
  13. ^ Includes the city of Foshan.
  14. ^ Includes Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi and Karawang.
  15. ^ Included in Guangzhou
  16. ^ Includes the city of Fushun.
  17. ^ Includes the city of Fort Worth, collectively known as Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.
  18. ^ Includes Pretoria
  19. ^ Includes the city of Baltimore.

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