List of massacres in India

For other topics with similar names, see Indian massacre (disambiguation).

A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

Pre-colonial India

Name/Place Date Location Perpetrator Deaths Notes Ref(s)
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) 1303 Chittor, Guhila kingdom Sultanate of Delhi 30,000 Alauddin Khalji ordered the massacre of 30,000 people of Chittor after besieging and capturing it, according to Amir Khusrau. [1]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1568) February 1568 Chittor Fort Mughal Empire 30,000 Akbar ordered the general massacre of 30,000 non combatants in Chittor and took many as prisoners. [2][3]
Capture of Delhi (1398) 1398 Loni, Ghaziabad,

Delhi Sultanate

Timurid Empire 100,000 Indian captives Before the Battle of Delhi, Timur the Lame saw his plunder and captured slaves reaching massive numbers. Fearing complications, he ordered his soldiers to kill all 100,000 captives to prevent a rebellion before the attack. Historical accounts are unclear, but an estimated million casualties on the Indian side, including slaves, civilians, and soldiers, is assumed. [4][5][6][7]
Battle of Ahmednagar 1559-60 Ahmadnagar Sultanate Vijayanagara Empire

Ahmadnagar Sultanate

Unknown According to Firishta, the Vijayanagar army of Ram Raya allied with Bijapur laid waste to the Ahmednagar's country so thoroughly that from Parenda to Junnar and from Ahmednagar to Daulatabad, not a vestige of population was left. They also massacred and looted Muslims in Ahmednagar. During the siege of Ahmednagar Fort, Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda also laid waste to the adjacent territory. [8][9][10]
Khejarli massacre 1730 Khejarli

Kingdom of Marwar

363

Bishnois

363 Bishnois killed, tree harvesting halted and outlawed in the Khejarli [11]
Chhota Ghallughara 1746 Lahore Mughal Empire 3,000 Sikh prisoners 7,000 Sikhs were killed in battle with armies of Diwan of Lahore. 3,000 were captured and executed in Lahore. [12][13]
Vadda Ghalughara 1763 Punjab Durrani Empire Est. 25,000–30,000 Sikhs Perpetrated by Afghan Muslim forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani. [13]

Colonial India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Red Fort, peepal tree massacre 16 May 1857 Delhi, Mughal Empire ~ 40–52 Europeans Bahadur Shah Zafar's palace servants and Indian soldiers executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Mutiny in Allahabad 6 June 1857 Allahabad, Company rule in India ~ 50 Europeans The 6th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry Mutinied, killing their European officers, and looted the city. [14]
Siege of Cawnpore 5–25 June 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 1,000 Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to join mutiny or join Nana Sahib forces
Massacres by General Neill 17 June–July 1857 Allahabad, Kanpur and surrounding areas, Company rule in India Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it [15]
Satichaura Ghat massacre 27 June 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 200 British officers Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces [16]
Bibighar massacre 15 July 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 200 British women and children The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear. [17]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla 17–18 January 1872 Malerkotla, Punjab, British Raj ~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) Killed Mr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be executed with cannons, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively. [18]
Mangarh massacre 17 November 1913 Mangadh (now Gujarat-Rajasthan), British Raj Claimed 1,500 tribals Machine guns and canons were fired under the command of British officers Major S. Bailey and Captain E. Stoiley. R.E. Hamilton, a local political agent had played key role. About 900 more were captured. [19][20]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 Amritsar, Punjab, British Raj 379–1,500 dead, ~1,100 Indians. Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a large meeting, taking place contrary to orders posted by Dyer and subsequent to a series of lynchings, rapes, arsons, and intimidation of local business people by anti-colonial protestors.
Malabar rebellion October 1921 Malabar, Kerala, British Raj 2,337–10,000 Hindus and Muslims (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated). Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Pal-Chitariya massacre 7 March 1922 Pal-Chitariya, Vijaynagar (now Gujarat), British Raj Claimed 1200 tribals The Mewar Bhil Corps led by a British officer, Major H.G. Sutton, fired on a gathering of tribals. [21]
Kohat riots 9–11 September 1924 Kohat, North-West Frontier Province, British Raj 155 Hindus and Sikhs were killed (3,200 Hindus permanently migrated).
Calcutta riots 15 July 1926 Calcutta, Bengal, British Raj 100+ dead, 200+ injured A Muslim mob attacked a Hindu possession, later broken up by a mounted police charge on the Muslim rioters. [22]
United Provinces riots 1923 to 1927 United Provinces, British Raj thousands dead and injured 88 separate communal riots, including the: 4 September 1927 Nagpur riots, 3–7 May 1927 Lahore, November 1927 Lahore. [23][24][25]
Nagpur riots 4 September 1927 Nagpur, Bombay Presidency, British Raj 22 killed, 100+ injured
Qissa Khwani massacre 23 April 1930 Peshawar, British Raj 1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20– 230 protesters After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bazaar two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Amko Simko massacre 25 April 1939 Simko Village, Sundergarh, Odisha British Raj ~ 49 to 300 tribal peasants dead, ~ 50 injured Crowd of tribals resisting the arrest of freedom fighter Nirmal Munda fired upon by troops of the British Indian army. [26]
Calcutta Riots 15 August – 17 September 1946 West Bengal, British Raj 7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims. Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All-India Muslim League termed as Direct Action Day. [27]
Noakhali riots September–October 1946 East Bengal, British Raj 5,000 Hindus Muslim community attacked Hindu community for seizing wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 150,000 to 750,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps [28][29][30]
Punnapra-Vayalar uprising March – October 1946 Valayar, Travancore, Kerala British Raj 400 Travancore police attacked communists [31]
Bihar Massacre 30 October – 7 November 1946 Bihar, British Raj 2,000–3,000 Muslims By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots [32]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence November 1946 United Provinces, British Raj at least 214 Muslims Partition of the country into India and Pakistan was looming. [33]

Independent India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Partition of India 1947 Punjab, Delhi and Sindh, , Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan ~ 200,000–2,000,000 people Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000–25,000 Muslims and 45000-60000 Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[34][35][36][37]
Jammu massacres September to November 1947 Jammu division, Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) 20,000–100,000 Muslims[38][39]

20,000+ Hindus and Sikhs[40][41][42]

[39][43][44][45][46]
Kharsawan massacre 1 January 1948 Kharsawan State, Dominion of India 100+ Adivasis Massacre of Adivasis by Orissa Military Police in Kharsawan market ground. [47][48][49][50]
Hyderabad Massacres 1948 Hyderabad State 27,000–40,000 Hyderabadi civilians [51] Mass murder and rape of Muslims by Indian Armed forces and Hindu paramilitary groups. [51]
Matikhrü massacre 6 September 1960 Matikhrü (now in Phek district, Nagaland) 9 civilians The incident took place on September 6, 1960, when forces of the 16th Punjab Regiment of the Indian Army committed an act of mass murder against the village of Matikhrü. [52][53]
1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation 7 November 1966 New Delhi 7 killed Hindu Sadhus and protestors killed by government [54]
Kilvenmani massacre 25 December 1968 Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu 44 killed Striking agricultural workers murdered by a gang, allegedly by their landlords.
1969 Gujarat riots 1969 Gujarat Officially 660 total; 430 Muslims, 24 Hindus, 58 others/unidentified casualties Hindu-Muslim riots. 1074 injured and over 48,000 lost their property. Unofficial reports claim as high as 2000 deaths. Muslim community suffered the majority of the losses. Out of the 512 deaths reported in the police complaints, 430 were Muslims. Property worth 42 million rupees destroyed during the riots, with Muslims losing 32 million worth of property. [55][56][57]
Turkman gate demolition and rioting 1976 Delhi Officially 6, unofficially 15 killed by police (nearly all Muslims). Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence. [58]
Marichjhapi massacre 31 January 1979 West Bengal Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees. Actual numbers estimated to be around 3000–5000. Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan. [59]
Moradabad riots 1980 Uttar Pradesh Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500. Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot. [60]
Mandai massacre 1980 Tripura 255–500 Bengali Hindu refugees [61]
Gua massacre 8 September 1980 Bihar 11 Adivasis Massacre of Adivasis by Bihar Military Police in a hospital. [62][63][64]
Khoirabari massacre 7 February 1983 Assam 100-500 Bengalis [65][66]
Nellie massacre 18 February 1983 Assam 2,191 Bengalis, majorly Muslim In Assam [67]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 23 February 1984 Punjab 11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October – 4 November 1984 Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India 8,000 - 17,000 Sikhs all over India Series of riots after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots) 2 November 1984 Hondh-Chillar, Haryana 32 Sikhs Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 28 March 1986 Ludhiana, Punjab 13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 29 March 1986 Jalandhar, Punjab 20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 25 July 1986 Mukatsar, Punjab 15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 30 November 1986 Khudda, Punjab 24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre 22 May 1987 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) July 1987 Fatehbad, Haryana 80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 6 August 1987 Punjab 13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) 15 June 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) December 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 49 (mostly Hindus)
Bhagalpur riots October 1989 Bhagalpur, Bihar The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims. Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
Gawkadal massacre 20 January 1990 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 50 Kashmiri Protestors Indian forces opened fire on Kashmiri protesters demonstrating against nocturnal raids, harassment, and alleged molestation of women in Srinagar's Chotta Bazaar locality.[68][69]
Ayodhya police firing on Karsevaks 30 October 1990 and 2 November 1990 Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 16 Hindus (official figure) Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river. [70][71][72]
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka 12–13 December 1991 Mainly Bangalore, Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka 18 Tamils violent attacks originated in the demonstrations organised against the orders of the Cauvery Water Tribunal
Bombay riots December 1992 – January 1993 Mumbai 575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
Sopore massacre 6 January 1993 Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir 55 Kashmiri students Security forces fired on procession.
1993 Kishtwar massacre 14 August 1993 Sarthal, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir 17 Hindu bus passengers Militants segregated bus passengers into Hindus and Muslims and fired upon the Hindu group [73][74]
Bijbehara massacre 22 October 1993 Bijbehara, Jammu and Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protestors Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
1994 Mokokchung Massacre 27 December 1994 Mokokchung, Nagaland 12 civilians The incident took place when forces of the 10 Assam Rifles and the 12 Maratha Light Infantry of the Indian Army raided upon civilian populace of Nagaland's Mokokchung. [75][76]
1995 Kohima massacre 5 March 1995 Kohima, Nagaland 7 civilians The incident was sparked off by a tyre burst from an army convoy's own vehicle leading the armed troops to fire at civilian populace after mistaking the sound of the tyre bursting for a bomb attack. [77]
1997 Ramabai killings 11 July 1997 Ramabai colony, Mumbai 10 people of the Dalit caste A team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 1 December 1997 Arwal district, Bihar 58 people of the Dalit caste Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992. [78]
1998 Wandhama massacre 25 January 1998 Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir 23 Kashmiri Pandit Unknown militants
1998 Prankote massacre 17 April 1998 Prankote, Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir 26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre 19 June 1998 Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir 25 Hindus Allegedly perpetrated by Pakistani-backed insurgents.
1998 Chamba massacre 3 August 1998 Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh 35 Hindus Attack by Islamic militant group
Manjolai labourers massacre 23 July 1999 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 17 Dalits Forceful dispersion of protestors by police
Chittisinghpura massacre 20 March 2000 Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 36 Sikhs Attack by pro-indian militiaIkhwan force[79]

The Indian government blame Lashkar-e-Taiba

Gouranga Tilla massacre 2000 Tripura 16 non-tribal Hindus [80]
Bagber massacre 20 May 2000 Tripura 25 non-tribal Hindus [80]
Nanoor massacre 27 July 2000 West Bengal 11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 1 August 2000 Jammu and Kashmir 30 (Hindu pilgrims) Attack by Muslim militants
Bhojpur village massacre 15 October 2000 Bhojpur village, Bihar 5 members of a lower caste (including a former village chief) were killed and another three were wounded in an attack. 8 of the gunmen of the Akhilesh Singh Gang were arrested following the attack[81] [82]
2001 Aluva massacre 6 January 2001 Aluva, Kerala 6 members of a family
2001 Kishtwar massacre 3 August 2001 Jammu and Kashmir 19 Hindus Attack by Muslim militants
Godhra massacre 27 February 2002 Godhra, Gujarat 59 Hindus Hindu passengers (mostly women and children) burnt alive and pelted with rocks. Different commissions were set up; one was by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. But some reports say the cause of the Godhra train fire is still uncertain. The court convicted 31 Muslims and another 63 were acquitted due to lack of evidence. [83][84][85]
2002 Gujarat riots 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad As per government reports, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, 223 reported missing, 2,500 injured. Unofficial estimates by groups like Human Rights Watch put the death toll to over 2,000.[86][87] Communal violence [88]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots) 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots) 28 February 2002 Naroda, Ahmedabad 97 Muslims [89][90][91]
March 2002 Raghunath attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 30 March 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees) Muslim militant
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre 13 July 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 29 Hindus Terrorist attack
Akshardham Temple attack 24 September 2002 Gujarat 29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus) Terrorist attack
November 2002 Raghunath temple attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 24 November 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees) Blamed on Lashkar-e-Taiba [92]
2003 Nadimarg massacre 23 March 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 24 Hindus Terrorist attack
2002 Kaluchak massacre 14 May 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 31 Terrorist attack on a tourist bus and Army's family quarter.
Marad massacre May 2003 Kerala 8 killed, 58 injured - A.
Kamalnagar massacre 14 August 2003 Tripura 14 killed [93]
2005 Delhi bombings 29 October 2005 Delhi 62 killed, 210 Terrorist attack on two markets two days before Diwali.
2006 Varanasi bombings March 2006 Uttar Pradesh 28 killed, 101 injured - Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted Terrorist attack on a Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre 30 April 2006 Jammu & Kashmir 35 Hindus Terrorist attack
2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 18 February 2007 Diwana station 68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees [94]
2008 Mumbai attacks 26 November 2008 Mumbai Over 164 killed, over 600 injured 11 coordinated attacks by proven Pakistani terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed. [95]
April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada 6 April 2010 Chhattisgarh 76 Maoist militant ambushed CRPF
2010 Dantewada bus bombing 17 May 2010 Chhattisgarh 44 Maoist militant attacked a civilian bus.
2012 Assam violence July 2012 Assam 77 Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian, and Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslims.
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 25 May 2013 Darbha Valley, Sukma district, Chhattisgarh 28 28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured Eve teasing of Hindu Girls, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Hindu and the Muslim community.
2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 10 July 2017 Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 8 Hindu pilgrims A bus carrying Hindu pilgrims of Amarnath Yatra was attacked by Lashkar-e-Taiba, resulting in deaths of 8 pilgrims. [96]
2017 Northern India riots 25-26 August 2017 Panjab, Haryana, Chandigarh district, Northern India 41+ killed and 300+ injured 546 Arrested, Nearly 1000 Detained, Caused by Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, Charged Honeypreet Insan, Rioting and arson
2020 Delhi riots 23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020 North East Delhi 53 killed and 200+ injured, both Hindus and Muslims 2,200 arrested (including detained). Caused by clashes between pro-CAA mobs and anti-CAA mobs.
2021 Nagaland killings 4 December 2021 Oting, Mon district, Nagaland 13 killed Ethnic clashes [97]
2023 Manipur violence 3 May 2023 Manipur 181+ killed and 310+ injured Caused by ethnic tensions between Meitei and Kuki-Zomi [98]
2023 Haryana riots 31 July 2023 Nuh district, Haryana 6 killed - 5 Hindus (two police officers, three pilgrims), 1 Muslim and 200+ injured 116 arrested. Organized Muslim mob attacked Hindu religious procession. [99]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barua, Pradeep (January 2005). "The State at War in South Asia". University of Nebraska Press. pp. 30, 317. ISBN 0803213441.
  2. ^ Rima Hooja (2006). A History of Rajasthan (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 463. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0. The subsequent sack of Chittor was accompanied by a massacre of the surviving populace of some 30,000 non-combatantsmany of whom were peasants from surrounding areas who had sought shelter within the fort
  3. ^ Satish Chandra (1993). Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan. Vikas Publishing House. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7069-6385-4. Exaspered by the stiffness of the resistance, Akbar ordered a general massacre in the course of which about 30,000 persons were killed including the defenders and a large number of peasants who had taken shelter in the fort. A large number of people were taken prisoners
  4. ^ Raychaudhuri and Habib (2004). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1. Orient Blackswan. p. 91. ISBN 9788125027300. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  5. ^ N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-8171569281.
  6. ^ The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period. Trübner and Company. 1871. p. 491.
  7. ^ "Battle of Delhi | Summary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  8. ^ Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 110, 111. ISBN 9788120826519.
  9. ^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (30 October 2012). Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Harvard University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780674067363.
  10. ^ Wolseley Haig. The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 682.
  11. ^ "Bishnoi villagers sacrifice lives to save trees, 1730 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  12. ^ Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 9781932705546.
  13. ^ a b Giorgio Shani (2007). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781134101894.
  14. ^ Meek, R. (Robert) (1857). The martyr of Allahabad; memorials of Ensign Arthur Marcus Hill Cheek, of the Sixth Native Bengal Infantry, murdered by the Sepoys at Allahabad. University of California Libraries. London : J. Nisbet.
  15. ^ Heather Streets (2004). Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  16. ^ Alex Tickell (17 June 2013). Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-136-61841-3. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  17. ^ Michael Gorra (15 April 2008). After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-226-30476-2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  18. ^ Rebels Against the British Rule (1995). Bhai Nahar Singh & Bhai Kirpal Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors; Page XXI
  19. ^ Mahurkar, Uday (30 November 1999). "Descendants of Mangad massacare seek recognition for past tragedy". India Today. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  20. ^ "Mangarh: A battle for tribal legacy". The Indian Express. 21 November 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  21. ^ UDAY MAHURKAR (1 September 1997). "Palchitaria: The carnage that took place in Gujarat three years after Jallianwala massacre". India Today. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  22. ^ "The Calcutta Riots (15 July 1926)". Townsville Daily Bulletin. 17 July 1926. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  23. ^ Singh Nijjar, Bakhshish (1996). History of the United Panjab, Volume 1. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 153. ISBN 978-8171565344. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  24. ^ Ganesan, A (1988). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917–1937. Mittal Publications. p. 109. ISBN 978-8170990826. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  25. ^ "The British Empire - India". The British Empire. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  26. ^ Das, Sarita (2007). "CHAPTER IV - Freedom Movement in Sundargarh" (PDF). Emergence of political leadership in Sundargarh (Thesis). Sambalpur University.
  27. ^ Sengupta, Debjani (2006). "A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day" (PDF). In Narula, Monica (ed.). Turbulence. Serai Reader. Vol. 6. The Sarai Programme, Center for the Study of Developing Societies. pp. 288–295. OCLC 607413832.
  28. ^ Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780300120783.
  29. ^ "India from 1900 to 1947 | Sciences Po Encyclopédie des violences de masse". www.sciencespo.fr. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  30. ^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (2011). 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. pp. 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.
  31. ^ D, Jose (1997). "Punnapra Vayalar violence can't be part of freedom struggle". Rediff On The Net. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  32. ^ Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
  33. ^ Pandey, Gyanendra (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9780521002509.
  34. ^ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9780415565660.
  35. ^ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781134378258.
  36. ^ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
  37. ^ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5.
  38. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. London: Hurst. p. 167. ISBN 9781849043427.
  39. ^ a b Khalid Bashir Ahmad (5 November 2014). "circa 1947: A Long Story". www.kashmirlife.net. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  40. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2013). Kashmir: The Unwritten History. HarperCollins India. p. 56. ISBN 9789350298978.
  41. ^ Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012). Jammu and Kashmir. Springer. p. 97. ISBN 9789401192323.
  42. ^ Hassan, Khalid (16 March 2007). "Mirpur 1947 – the untold story". Khalid Hasan Online. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  43. ^ Ranjan, Amit (2 January 2017). "Christopher Snedden. Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris; Aman M. Hingorani. Unravelling the Kashmir Knot". Asian Affairs. 48 (1): 167–169. doi:10.1080/03068374.2017.1271605. ISSN 0306-8374. S2CID 164760980.
  44. ^ Kumar, Satish (July 2012). "Book Review: Christopher Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten HistorySneddenChristopherKashmir: The Unwritten History (Noida, India: Harper Collins Publishers, 2013), 460pp. ₹599". International Studies. 49 (3–4): 449–451. doi:10.1177/0020881714534539. ISSN 0020-8817. S2CID 155812870.
  45. ^ Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (1968), "The State of Jammu and Kashmir", Jammu and Kashmir, Springer Netherlands, pp. 12–33, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-9231-6_2, ISBN 9789401184991
  46. ^ "Mirpur 1947 – the untold story". 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  47. ^ Kiro, Santosh (15 September 2020). The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda: The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda: Remembering Jaipal Singh Munda, the Tribal Leader (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5266-943-1.
  48. ^ Kumar, Nirdosh (4 July 2019). THE MAKING OF ADIVASI MAHASABHA. Book Rivers. ISBN 978-93-88727-08-2.
  49. ^ Pankaj, Ashwini Kumar (1 June 2017). ADIVASIDOM : Selected writings & speeches of Jaipal Singh Munda. Pyara Kerketta Foundation. ISBN 978-93-81056-70-7.
  50. ^ Stuligross, David Patrick (2001). A Piece of Land to Call One's Own: Multicultural Federalism and Institutional Innovation in India. University of California, Berkeley.
  51. ^ a b Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013). "India's hidden massacre". BBC. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  52. ^ Katiry, Zhiwhuotho (5 September 2017). "Living Eyewitness – Pochury Black Day, and Massacre of Matikhrü Village". Eastern Mirror. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  53. ^ "Nagalim: Remembrance Of Matikhrü Incident". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  54. ^ "(dated November 8, 1966)". The Hindu. 8 November 2016. ISSN 0971-751X.
  55. ^ Pingle Jagamohan Reddy; Nusserwanji K Vakil & Akbar S Sarela (1971). Report: Inquiry into the communal disturbances at Ahmedabad and other places in Gujarat on and after 18th September 1969. Commission of Inquiry on Communal Disturbances at Ahmedabad and at Various Places in the State of Gujarat on and after 18 September 1969, Home Department, Government of Gujarat. p. 180.
  56. ^ Muslims in Indian cities : trajectories of marginalisation. Gayer, Laurent., Jaffrelot, Christophe. New York (N.Y.): Columbia University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780231703086. OCLC 730413638.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  57. ^ Kumar, Megha (16 June 2016). Communalism and sexual violence in India : the politics of gender, ethnicity and conflict. London. ISBN 9781786720689. OCLC 958926230.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  58. ^ India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics ISBN 9788131725672
  59. ^ Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (25 April 2011). "Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  60. ^ Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan (1991). "14. Moradabad Riots, 1980: Causes and Meanings". In Asgharali Engineer (ed.). Communal riots in post-independence India. Universities Press. pp. 209–227. ISBN 978-81-7370-102-3. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  61. ^ "350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 16 June 1980. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  62. ^ "Gua Massacre in the History of Jharkhand Movement – Adivasi Resurgence". 27 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  63. ^ "Gua massacre underscores growing militancy of tribal movement in Bihar". India Today. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  64. ^ Alvares, Claude Alphonso (1992). Science, Development and Violence: The Revolt Against Modernity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-562914-9.
  65. ^ Gupta, Shekhar (1984). Assam: A Valley Divided. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7069-2537-1. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  66. ^ Barpujari, H. K. (1998). North-East India: Problems, Policies, and Prospects : Since Independence. Spectrum Publication. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-85319-81-0. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  67. ^ * Chadha, Vivek, Low Intensity Conflicts in India. Sage Publications, 2005.
  68. ^ Life, Kashmir (21 January 2013). "Gawkadal A Massacre, A Case". Kashmir Life. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  69. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war. London. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-86064-898-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  70. ^ "1990 decision to order firing on 'kar sevaks' painful, Mulayam Singh Yadav says". The Times of India. 16 July 2013. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013.
  71. ^ "Firing on kar sevaks was sad but needed: Mulayam Singh Yadav". The Indian Express.
  72. ^ "Ayodhya DeQoded". the quint. 8 December 2015.
  73. ^ Swami, Praveen (4 January 2023). "Pakistani militants bringing communal war back to J&K. Hindu killings in Rajouri are proof". The Print. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  74. ^ Bose, Sumantra (2021), Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict, Yale University Press, p. 126, ISBN 978-0-300-26271-1
  75. ^ "1994 isn't just a number". The Morung Express. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  76. ^ Das, Asit (19 November 2011). "Armed Forces(Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) And Irom Sharmila's Struggle For Justice". Counter Currents. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  77. ^ Naleo, Villo (23 August 2016). "Nagaland:Remembering Truthfully and Forgiving Generously". Eastern Mirror. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  78. ^ Arun Kumar (8 April 2010). "16 to hang for killing 58 in Bihar village". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  79. ^ "India: A trail of unlawful killings in Jammu and Kashmir: Chithisinghpora and its aftermath". Amnesty International. 14 June 2000. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  80. ^ a b "19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun". telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  81. ^ "GTD ID:200010170012". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  82. ^ "Five killed in caste violence in Bihar". Rediff.com. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  83. ^ "South Asia | Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  84. ^ "Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case". The Times of India. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  85. ^ Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted NDTV – 1 March 2011
  86. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  87. ^ The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective. Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2009. p. 28. ISBN 9780398079956.
  88. ^ "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC. 11 May 2005.
  89. ^ "Ex-BJP Minister among 32 convicted of Naroda-Patiya massacre". The Hindu. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  90. ^ "Naroda Patiya massacre: BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, Bajrang Dal leader Babu Bajrangi and 30 others convicted". CNN-IBN. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012.
  91. ^ "Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  92. ^ Pasricha, Anjana. "Security Increased in Jammu City Following Attack on Hindu Temple". Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  93. ^ "5 ministers heckled at carnage site". The Telegraph. 18 August 2003.
  94. ^ "Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts: NIA". hindustantimes.com/. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013.
  95. ^ "HM announces measures to enhance security" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  96. ^ "Amarnath Terror Attack: Pilgrim Dies In Hospital, Number Of Deaths Now 8". NDTV.
  97. ^ "Nagaland killings: rioting as Indian security forces shoot dozen civilianst". The Guardian. 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  98. ^ "3 Months On, Manipur Crisis Far From Over". ND TV. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  99. ^ "India's northern Haryana state tense after 5 killed in communal clashes between Hindus and Muslims". Associated Press News. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_India&oldid=1263839061"