Louise Crombach

Louise Crombach
Born(1815-12-24)December 24, 1815
DiedApril 12, 1894(1894-04-12) (aged 78)
Occupation(s)seamstress, writer, prison inspector
Known forbeing prosecuted for lesbianism

Louise Crombach (or Crombak) was born on (1815-12-24)December 24, 1815 in Lons-le-Saunier and died on (1894-04-12)April 12, 1894 in the 20th arrondissement of Paris. She was a French seamstress, prison inspector, writer and feminist.[1] In 1845, she was prosecuted for having a lesbian relationship.[1]

Early life and education

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Elisa de Lamartine
Marceline Desbordes-Valmore

Louise Crombach was the daughter of a peasant woman from Franche-Comté and an Alsatian Jew and she received a modest education.[2] She began her professional life as a seamstress but, in view of her literary talent, which was compared to that of Elisa Mercœur,[2] she was sent to Paris, where she was welcomed by Amable Tastu.[1] She was introduced to the prestigious literary salon, Le Cénacle, held by Charles Nodier and was the protégé of the Lamartines.[1] She became the tutor of George Sand's daughter, Solange Dudevant.[1]

Career

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Louise Crombach frequented literary circles where she met Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, also from a working class family. She was one of the first writers from a working-class background to make a living from her art, continuing the trend started by George Sand.[3]

Her first children's book, Le Jeune libéré, was published in 1839 and received the Montyon Prize from the French Academy the following year.[1] In 1839, she gave birth to a child that was not recognized by her father and causing her to lose part of her protections because of the social scandal.[4]

Faced with material difficulties, Elisa de Lamartine found her a job as a Prison Guard at the women's prison Saint-Lazare in 1842.[1] Louise Crombach became an inspector there in 1844.[5][1] It was there that she was moved by the detention conditions of the women prisoners and their misery to which she felt close.[5][1]

In 1843, Flora Tristan, in spite of Louise Crombach's difficult financial situation, solicited her for a subscription that she organized for the newspaper L'Union ouvrière.[6] That year, one of Desbordes-Valmore's poems ("Moi, je le sais", in Bouquets et prières) was dedicated to her.[4][7] Louise Crombach introduced her to Marie Pape-Carpantier, as they knew each other. At the beginning of 1844, she joined the team of journalists of Le Nouveau Monde, Journal de la science sociale, which aimed to revive, without success, the former Fourierist journal Le Nouveau Monde. Other editors included Arthur de Bonnard, one of the first French cooperators, and Auguste Colin [fr].[4]

Accused of having let a captive escape on February 6, 1845, a trial followed on May 30, 1845, during which letters insinuating that Crombach had a lesbian relationship with a prisoner were read.[1] Desbordes-Valmore intervenes in this trial, exclaiming:[8][9]

J'ai vu une fois de près un tribunal d'hommes. Ce n'est pas ainsi que je comprends la lumière et la justice. (in English : I once saw a men's court up close. This is not how I understand light and justice."

— Francis Ambrière, Le grief des femmes II, p119

Louise Crombach was sentenced to two years in prison in June, but an appeal to the Court of Cassation overturned the judgment.[1] She was released on November 28, 1845.[10] The revelation of this correspondence, however, distanced her from Desbordes-Valmore, so much so that she did not intervene when Crombach was again the subject of a trial in November 1845 in Versailles. Crombach was nevertheless acquitted and went to take refuge in La Villette with a priest. She died in 1894.[4]

Works

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  • Le Jeune libéré (1839)[11]
  • Hélène et Laurence (1841)[12]
  • Un pauvre devant Dieu, ou Qu'est-ce que la richesse ? (1845)
  • Les Papillons et les enfants, Alexandre et Michel, les Roses de la Fête-Dieu, le Médaillon-protecteur (1845)

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Laurence Dupérier et Christine Planté (2 September 2020). "CROMBACH Louise [CROMBACH Claudine, Augustine, dite Louise] (orthographiée (...)". maitron.fr (published 2009-02-20). Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  2. ^ a b Weiss, Charles (1991). 1834–1837 (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. ISBN 978-2-251-60420-6. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  3. ^ Grogan, Susan (2002-09-11). Flora Tristan: Life Stories. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-94413-2. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  4. ^ a b c d Bouchet, Thomas (December 2013). "charlesfourier.fr". www.charlesfourier.fr. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  5. ^ a b Revue des deux mondes (in French). 1887. Retrieved 2021-01-02 – via Au bureau de la Revue des deux mondes.
  6. ^ Ambrière, Francis (1988). "Qui était Flora Tristan ?". Revue d'Histoire du XIXe siècle – 1848 (in French). 4: 28–29. doi:10.3406/r1848.1988.2786. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  7. ^
    Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  8. ^ Greenberg, Wendy Nicholas; Pub, Brill Academic (1999). Uncanonical Women: Feminine Voice in French Poetry (1830–1871). Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-0532-7. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  9. ^ Hardee, A. Maynor; Henry, Freeman G. (1989). Feminism. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-5183-484-0. Retrieved 2021-01-04 – via Rodopi.
  10. ^ Monnier, Désiré (1849). Annuaire du département du Jura: 1859–1862 : deuxième série, vingtième à vingt-deuxième années (in French). p. 146. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  11. ^ Crombach, Louise (1839). Le Jeune libéré, par Mlle Louise Crombach... Didier. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  12. ^ Crombach, Louise (1841). Hélène et Laurence, par Mlle Louise Crombach. Retrieved 2021-01-03 – via Cassin.
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