Love Is Embarrassing
"Love Is Embarrassing" | |
---|---|
Song by Olivia Rodrigo | |
from the album Guts | |
Released | September 8, 2023 |
Studio |
|
Genre | New wave |
Length | 2:34 |
Label | Geffen |
Songwriter(s) |
|
Producer(s) | Dan Nigro |
Lyric video | |
"Love Is Embarrassing" on YouTube |
"Love Is Embarrassing" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo from her second studio album, Guts (2023). Rodrigo wrote the song with its producer, Dan Nigro. It became available as the album's ninth track on September 8, 2023, when it was released by Geffen Records. A new wave song, "Love Is Embarrassing" has self-deprecating lyrics in which Rodrigo derides her crush and expresses embarrassment about how much she was attracted to him.
Music critics found the lyricism of "Love Is Embarrassing" relatable and praised the production and Rodrigo's performance, which they also compared to other artists. The song reached the top 30 in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States and entered the charts in some other countries, receiving a gold certification in Australia, Brazil, and Canada. Rodrigo included the song on the set list of her 2024 concert tour, the Guts World Tour. She suffered a wardrobe malfunction while performing the song during the London tour stop, which critics believed she handled well.
Background and release
[edit]Olivia Rodrigo's debut studio album, Sour (2021), was released in May 2021,[1][2] following which she decided to take a break from songwriting for six months.[3] She conceived the follow-up album, Guts (2023), at the age of 19, while experiencing "lots of confusion, mistakes, awkwardness & good old fashioned teen angst".[4] Dan Nigro returned to produce every single track on it.[5] They wrote over 100 songs, of which Rodrigo included the more rock-oriented tracks on the album because they drew a bigger reaction from her audiences during live shows.[6] Guts was created over a period of 10 months, with songwriting and recording consuming the first eight and the final two being used for mixing and fine-tuning.[7]
The following morning, after experiencing a night when Rodrigo lay in bed replaying every embarrassing moment in her life and cringing at herself, she wrote "Love Is Embarrassing" as the last song for the album in her living room.[8][9] She presented it to Nigro just five days before Guts was due for submission, and it was included on the album even though he thought it was not a good idea.[7] Rodrigo announced the album title on June 26, 2023, and its lead single, "Vampire", was released four days later.[10][11] On August 1, 2023, she revealed Guts' tracklist, which features "Love Is Embarrassing" as the ninth track.[12] The song became available for digital download on the album, which was released on September 8, 2023.[13] It was used in a commercial that Rodrigo released in partnership with Sony in November 2023.[14]
Composition
[edit]"Love Is Embarrassing" is two minutes and 34 seconds long.[13] Nigro handled production and vocal production, and he engineered it with Dave Schiffman. Nigro played acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bass, synthesizer, and drum programming; Garrett Ray played drums; and Sam Stewart played guitar. Serban Ghenea mixed the song at SLS Studios in London with assistance from Bryce Bordone, and Randy Merrill mastered it. Recording took place at Amusement Studios and East West Studios in Los Angeles.[5]
"Love Is Embarrassing" is a new wave song[15][16][17] with influences of riot grrrl[18] and pop rock.[19] Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield described it as an "impeccable eighties new-wave tribute" and one of Guts' "bops [that] go for a 1980s synth/guitar new wave chug".[20][21] The song's chorus includes lively guitars and a new wave-style beat, and its bridge received comparisons to the work of Devo.[17][20][22] Rodrigo's tone conveys complete disenchantment with a love interest, and she keeps shifting her delivery;[17][22] Sheffield believed she sings with a "hiccup in her voice" that is reminiscent of Dale Bozzio.[20] He compared the fusion of synthesizers and guitars to the Cars, the Go-Go's, and Missing Persons,[20][21] while Lucas Martins of Beats Per Minute thought Rodrigo's "looseness and her rockstar swagger" were evocative of Debbie Harry.[23] Other artists "Love Is Embarrassing" was compared to include Two Door Cinema Club, Kelly Clarkson, Marina and the Diamonds,[24][25] Karen O, Bryan Ferry,[26] Kathleen Hanna,[18] Paramore,[27] and Alvvays.[28]
According to The New York Times's Jon Caramanica and the Los Angeles Times's Mikael Wood, the title of "Love Is Embarrassing" references Sky Ferreira's 2013 single "Everything Is Embarrassing".[15][29] "Love Is Embarrassing" has self-deprecating lyrics,[30] in which Rodrigo derides her crush and cringes about how much she was attracted to him.[16][22] She recounts how she informed her friends that he was "the one" just a month after meeting him, after which he immediately disappointed her.[15][30] Rodrigo reevaluates her feelings and comes to the conclusion that love is "fucking embarrassing", describing the crush as "some weird second string loser" who is not worth her time.[22][24] She regrets consoling him when his ex-girlfriend began dating a new man and recalls her anger when he found a different girl who was like Rodrigo.[21][24] Despite this experience, Rodrigo admits that she still fantasizes about romantic dramas in her mind and will continue seeking love: "I'm planning out my wedding with some guy I'm never marrying / I'm giving up, I'm giving up, but I keep coming back for more."[20][22] Billboard's Jason Lipshutz described "Love Is Embarrassing" as a "diary-ready account of young heartbreak".[17]
Critical reception
[edit]"Love Is Embarrassing" received positive reviews from music critics, some of whom highlighted its production. AllMusic's Heather Phares and Consequence's Paolo Ragusa named it a standout track on Guts.[16][22] Lipshutz believed the song would find an audience in new wave fans and proved Rodrigo's unparalleled talent for blending deep musical genre exploration with intimate and diary-like stories of young heartbreak.[17] Caramanica believed it displayed how Rodrigo had not given into pressure to work with pop producers like Max Martin and pursued an intimate sound instead, and Martins thought Guts tracks like it promised Rodrigo a bright future in rock music.[15][23] On the other hand, Gabriel Saulog of Billboard Philippines thought the song was one of the weaker and more forgettable tracks on Guts and would have benefited from a longer duration, but its spirited hooks were enjoyable.[31]
Wood and The Line of Best Fit's Matthew Kim commented on Rodrigo's vocal performance. Wood believed she displayed malleable vocal phrasing which was able to keep up with the evolving distorted guitars.[29] Kim thought her self-critical delivery of the line "Jesus, what was I even doing?" amplified and complemented the album's diverse spectrum of emotions.[32]
Critics like Lipshutz and Vogue's Emma Specter also praised the lyricism on "Love Is Embarrassing" as relatable.[17][33] Lipshutz believed the song would be relatable to anybody who has cried about an ex-partner and regretted it later.[17] Nick Levine of BBC News thought it would resonate with audiences of many ages despite being set in high school.[34] Caramanica believed "Love Is Embarrassing" displayed Rodrigo's remarkably pure songwriting which captured raw emotions even in the most stylized lyrics.[15] Slant Magazine's Charles Lyons-Burt believed her lyricism had become more precise, which improved the resonance of both her self-criticism and critiques of others, and songs like "Love Is Embarrassing" revealed different attitudes or emotions with each listen due to their conflicted core.[35]
In September 2023, Sheffield ranked "Love Is Embarrassing" as Rodrigo's 20th-best song, picking "You found a new version of me/And I damn near started World War 3" as his favorite lyric from the song.[20] Nylon included the lyric alongside "Just watch as I crucify myself/ For some weird second string/ Loser who's not worth mentioning" in its list of Guts' most impeccable lyrics, with GQ including the latter in its list of the album's standout and "gutsiest" lyrics.[36][37] Ragusa believed the latter was an example of her sophisticated songwriting, highlighting the choice of the word "crucify" as immensely theatrical and the description of the crush as absolutely hilarious.[22]
Commercial performance
[edit]"Love Is Embarrassing" debuted at number 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for September 23, 2023.[38] In Canada, the song entered at number 29 on the Canadian Hot 100 issued for the same date and was certified gold by Music Canada.[39][40] In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number 24 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart and number 21 on Billboard.[41][42] "Love Is Embarrassing" received a silver certification in the United Kingdom from the British Phonographic Industry, and the Official Charts Company declared it her 20th-biggest song in the country in February 2024.[43][44]
In Australia, "Love Is Embarrassing" entered at number 26 and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association.[45][46] The song debuted at number 23 in New Zealand.[47] It charted at number 22 on the Billboard Global 200.[48] "Love Is Embarrassing" also reached national record charts at number 14 on the Sweden Heatseeker chart,[49] number 20 in Ireland,[50] number 66 in Greece,[51] and number 67 in Portugal.[52] The song received a gold certification in Brazil.[53]
Live performances
[edit]Rodrigo opened her Tiny Desk concert in December 2023 by performing "Love Is Embarrassing".[8][9] The song was included on the set list of her 2024 concert tour, the Guts World Tour.[54] The performance contains elements of Toni Basil's 1982 song "Mickey".[55][56] Rodrigo performs choreography with female background dancers, which is "meant to be silly and, well, embarrassing" according to Miami New Times's Celia Almeida;[57] Rolling Stone's Tomás Mier believed she channeled pop artists like Cyndi Lauper, and The Tennessean's Audrey Gibbs compared the dancers to the lineup in "Cell Block Tango" from the musical Chicago (1975).[58][59]
While Rodrigo was reprising it at the tour's stop in London's O2 Arena, the laces of her bandeau top broke.[60] She held it to keep it from falling off, drawing the attention of a dancer who tried to fix it, while the group continued performing high-energy choreography.[60][61] Rodrigo slightly subdued her dancing during the first chorus when the wardrobe malfunction happened, stating: "This is fucking embarrassing. I almost flashed you guys, but it's OK now!", and carried out the intended choreography during the second chorus.[61][62] Critics praised how she handled the situation,[60][63][64] and Parade's Sammi Burke believed that Rodrigo's voice remained steady through it.[62] Sydney Bucksbaum of Entertainment Weekly and Logan DeLoye of iHeartRadio thought that similarly to Rodrigo, the dancer also flawlessly completed the high-energy choreography while keeping hold of her top, seamlessly performing as if it were planned.[63][65]
Credits and personnel
[edit]Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Guts.[5]
- Dan Nigro – producer, songwriter, engineer, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocal producer, bass, synthesizer, drum programming, background vocals
- Olivia Rodrigo – vocals, background vocals, songwriter
- Garrett Ray – drums
- Sam Stewart – guitar
- Dave Schiffman – engineer
- Randy Merrill – mastering
- Serban Ghenea – mixing
- Bryce Bordone – mixing assistance
Charts
[edit] Weekly charts[edit]
| Year-end charts[edit]
|
Certifications
[edit]Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Australia (ARIA)[46] | Gold | 35,000‡ |
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[53] | Gold | 20,000‡ |
Canada (Music Canada)[40] | Gold | 40,000‡ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[43] | Silver | 200,000‡ |
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |
References
[edit]- ^ Hess, Liam (May 25, 2021). "Olivia Rodrigo on Her Breakout Year, Brand-New Album—And What Comes Next". Vogue. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ Carras, Christi (May 21, 2021). "Olivia Rodrigo Does Not Miss. All These Sour Reviews Are Here to Prove It". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ Tolentino, Jia (July 6, 2023). "A New Decade, A New Album, A New Life—Olivia Rodrigo's Next Chapter". Vogue. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ Dailey, Hannah (June 26, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Announces Sophomore Album Guts: Here's When It Arrives". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ a b c Geffen Records (2023). Guts (Media notes). Olivia Rodrigo.
- ^ Savage, Mark (September 13, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Interview: 'I've Got a Few Heartbreaks Left in Me'". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
- ^ a b Willman, Chris (October 10, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo and Dan Nigro Use Intimate Storytelling Show in L.A. to Recall the 'Toil and Jubilation' of Making Guts: 'I Was Really Scared'". Variety. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Kaufman, Gil (December 11, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Rocks NPR's 'Tiny Desk' with Moving Guts Set". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
- ^ a b Paul, Larisha (December 11, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Spills Her Guts All Over NPR's Tiny Desk". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
- ^ Shafer, Ellise (June 26, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Announces Sophomore Album, Guts, Coming in September". Variety. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Denis, Kyle (June 21, 2023). "Fans Think Olivia Rodrigo Shared a Snippet of New Song 'Vampire': Listen". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Dailey, Hannah (August 1, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Unveils Guts Tracklist: 'All American B—h,' 'Get Him Back' & More Song Titles". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
- ^ a b Rodrigo, Olivia (September 8, 2023). "Guts". Apple Music (US). Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
- ^ Muhammad, Latifah (November 9, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Jams Out to Herself in New Sony LinkBuds Commercial". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Caramanica, Jon (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Has Seen the World Now, and She's Livid". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
- ^ a b c Phares, Heather (September 15, 2023). "Guts — Olivia Rodrigo". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lipshutz, Jason (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo's Guts: All 12 Songs Ranked". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
- ^ a b Zoladz, Lindsay (September 8, 2023). "A Deep Dive Into Olivia Rodrigo's Triumphant Guts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ Liwanag, Punch (September 11, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Strikes Pop-rock Nerve on Guts". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Sheffield, Rob (September 13, 2023). "Every Olivia Rodrigo Song, Ranked". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
- ^ a b c Sheffield, Rob (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Crushes the Expectations and Delivers Another Witty, Pissed-Off Classic". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ragusa, Paolo (September 8, 2023). "On Guts, Olivia Rodrigo Embraces Her Imperfections and Sharpens Her Sound". Consequence. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Martins, Lucas (September 13, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo — Guts". Beats Per Minute. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
- ^ a b c Zhang, Cat (September 11, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo: Guts Album Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
- ^ "The Nostalgic, Messy Fun of Olivia Rodrigo's Guts". Pitchfork. September 21, 2023. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ Daly, Rhian (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo – Guts Review: Savage, Smart Confirmation of a Pop Icon". The Forty-Five. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ Clayton-Lea, Tony (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo: Guts — One of the Best and Most Observant Pop Songwriters Out There". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ DeVille, Chris (September 8, 2023). "Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo Guts". Stereogum. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
- ^ a b Wood, Mikael (September 11, 2023). "Review: Olivia Rodrigo Spills Her Guts on a Bubble-gum Rock Masterpiece". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
- ^ a b Murphy, John (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo – Guts". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
- ^ Saulog, Gabriel (September 29, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo's Guts Is a Teenage Triumph — A Track-By-Track Review". Billboard Philippines. Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
- ^ Kim, Matthew (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo: Guts Review - A New Pop Star for a New Era". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
- ^ Specter, Emma (September 8, 2023). "Thank God, Guts Slaps". Vogue. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ Levine, Nick (September 8, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo's Guts Proves She's Far More Than Just a Gen Z Star". BBC News. Archived from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ Lyons-Burt, Charles (September 11, 2023). "Olivia Rodrigo Guts Review: More Visceral and More Consistent". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
- ^ Wang, Steffanee (September 9, 2023). "17 Impeccable Lyrics From Olivia Rodrigo's Guts". Nylon. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Atkinson, Jessie (September 8, 2023). "'Everything I Do Is Tragic, Every Guy I Like Is Gay!' – the Gutsiest Lyrics on Olivia Rodrigo's Guts". GQ. Archived from the original on August 4, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ a b "Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ a b "Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ a b "Canadian single certifications – Olivia Rodrigo – Love Is Embarrassing". Music Canada. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "Official Streaming Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (U.K. Songs)". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ a b "British single certifications – Olivia Rodrigo – Love Is Embarrassing". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ Griffiths, George (February 20, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo's Official Top 20 Biggest Songs in the UK". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ a b "ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. September 18, 2023. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2024 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 18, 2023. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Global 200)". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ a b "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 37". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Ireland Songs)". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ a b "IFPI Charts". IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
- ^ a b "Olivia Rodrigo – Love Is Embarrassing". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "Brazilian single certifications – Olivia Rodrigo – Love Is Embarrassing" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
- ^ Aniftos, Rania (February 24, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo's Guts World Tour Setlist: All the Songs She Performed Opening Night". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
- ^ Skinner, Tom (February 24, 2024). "Watch Olivia Rodrigo Kick Off Her Huge Guts World Tour in California". NME. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
- ^ Harrison, Scoop (February 24, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo Kicks Off Guts World Tour". Consequence. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
- ^ Almeida, Celia (March 7, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo Rocks Out at the Kaseya Center, Debuts 'Can't Catch Me Now' at Guts World Tour". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Mier, Tomás (February 24, 2024). "On Her Guts World Tour, Olivia Rodrigo Is No Longer the Girl You Thought You Knew". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
- ^ Gibbs, Audrey (March 10, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo Duets with Sheryl Crow at Nashville Guts Tour Stop, Plus Best Moments From the Night of Pop-punk". The Tennessean. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
- ^ a b c Aniftos, Rania (May 15, 2024). "Watch Olivia Rodrigo Handle an 'Embarrassing' Wardrobe Malfunction Like a Pro". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ a b Saunders, Angel (May 16, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo Jokes 'I Almost Flashed You Guys' Following Guts Tour Wardrobe Malfunction". People. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ a b Burke, Sammi (May 15, 2024). "Fans Applaud Young Pop Star for 'Smoothly' Handling 'Terrifying' Wardrobe Malfunction on Stage". Parade. Archived from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ a b Bucksbaum, Sydney (May 15, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo Dances Through Onstage Wardrobe Malfunction: 'I Almost Flashed You Guys'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ Tolliver, Jazmin (May 16, 2024). "Olivia Rodrigo Laughs Off Wardrobe Malfunction: 'I Almost Flashed You Guys'". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ DeLoye, Logan (May 16, 2024). "Watch Olivia Rodrigo Handle 'Disastrous Wardrobe Malfunction' Like a Pro". iHeartRadio. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ "Hot Rock & Alternative Songs – Year-End 2023". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved August 7, 2024.