Lower Burgundy

The Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, also called Cisjurane Burgundy, was a historical kingdom in what is now southeastern France, so-called because it was lower down the Rhône Valley than Upper Burgundy.

Lower Burgundy started when Boso, Count of Vienne and the nobles of the region renounced the Carolingian line in 879. Lower Burgundy's rulers often looked to expand into Italy, weakening Lower Burgundy enough so that it merged with Upper Burgundy to form the Kingdom of Arles in 933.

The borders of Lower Burgundy were the Mediterranean Sea to the south, Septimania to the southwest, Aquitaine to the west, the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy to the north, and the Kingdom of Italy to the east.

The West Frankish King Louis the Stammerer died on 10 April 879 and was survived by two minor sons, Louis and Carloman.^[1] Boso, Count of Vienne, renounced allegiance to both brothers and in July claimed independence of the Kingdom of Provence. On 15 October 879, the bishops and nobles of the region around the rivers Rhône and Saône assembled in the Synod of Mantaille and elected Boso king as successor to Louis the Stammerer,^[1] the first non-Carolingian king in Western Europe in more than a century.^[2] The Kingdom of Provence comprised the ecclesiastical provinces of the archbishops of Arles, Aix, Vienne, Lyon (without Langres), and probably Besançon, as well as the dioceses of Tarentaise, Uzès, and Viviers.^{[citation needed]}

Boso was an incompetent ruler and by 882 King Carloman of West Francia reintegrated the kingdom into the West Frankish realm.^{[citation needed]} When Carloman died on 12 December 884, the nobles of that kingdom (which included Lower Burgundy), invited Charles the Fat to assume the kingship. Arnulf of Carinthia deposed his uncle Charles in November 887. In 890 Boso's son Louis the Blind was crowned King of Lower Burgundy.^{[citation needed]}

Louis the Blind was invited into Italy by Adalbert II of Tuscany who wished to keep Berengar of Friuli from gaining control of the Italian peninsula. Louis defeated Berengar and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Benedict IV.^{[citation needed]} Berengar defeated Louis the next year, forced him to flee Italy and promise to never return. In 905, Louis again invaded Italy but was defeated and blinded for breaking his oath. Louis lost his titles of King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor to Berengar.^{[citation needed]}

Blinded, Louis made Hugh of Arles, the Count of Provence, his regent.^{[citation needed]} Hugh was elected King of Italy in 924 during a Civil War, and he spent the next two years ejecting his opponent, King Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy, from Italy. Louis died in 928 and was succeeded by Hugh. After failing to expand his power by a marriage to Marozia (the effective ruler of Rome), Hugh spent the next five years of his reign fighting Magyar raids and Andalusian pirates.^{[citation needed]} In 933, Hugh made peace with Rudolph of Upper Burgundy by giving him the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, and the two Burgundies were combined into the Kingdom of Burgundy, also known from the 12th century as the Kingdom of Arles.^{[citation needed]}

• List of dukes, kings, counts, and margraves of Provence