Mahmoud Hamshari

Mahmoud Hamshari
Born29 August 1939
Umm Khaled, Tulkarm, Mandatory Palestine
Died9 January 1973(1973-01-09) (aged 33)
Paris, France
Cause of deathAssassination
Burial placePère Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
NationalityPalestinian
OccupationTeacher
Years active1960s–1972
SpouseMarie-Claude Hamshari
Grave of Hamshari in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris

Mahmoud Hamshari (Arabic: محمود الهمشري; 1939–1973) was a Palestinian official who was assassinated by Israel in Paris, France, on 8 December 1972. He was serving as the representative of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to France when the incident occurred. He died in a Paris hospital on 9 January 1973.

Early life and education

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Hamshari was born in a village, Umm Khaled, west of Tulkarm, on 29 August 1939.[1][2][3] The family had to leave Umm Khaled in 1948 when it was occupied by Israel, and the depopulated village was absorbed into the neighbouring town of Netanya.[4] He obtained a PhD in history from a French university.[2][4]

Pedagogic career and activism

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Hamshari worked as a teacher in Kuwait and Algeria.[1] He was a member of the Fatah.[1] He was tasked to organize the Palestinian students in Algeria and worked closely with Khalil al-Wazir, known as Abu Jihad.[2] Hamshari returned to Palestine in 1967 and established the Fatah cells in the region.[2]

Hamshari was appointed representative of the PLO to France in 1968, being the first head of the Palestine office in the country.[2][5] There he founded a branch of the General Union of Palestinian Students.[2] Through the Union, Hamshari organized the visit of the Swiss film director Jean-Luc Godard to Jordan and Lebanon where he met with the Palestinian fighters in 1969.[5] Elias Sanbar, a member of the Union, accompanied Godard during the visit.[5]

Hamshari was in office until 8 December 1972 when he was badly wounded in a Mossad attack in Paris. After this attack Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, an Iranian who became foreign minister of Iran, temporarily served as the PLO representative in France.[6]

Personal life

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Hamshari was married to a French woman, Marie-Claude, and they had a daughter, Amina.[7]

Assassination

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Israel initiated attacks against leading Palestinian figures after the Munich massacre in which Israeli Olympic team members were murdered by the Black September Organization in September 1972.[8] Aharon Yariv, the Israeli minister of information, was in charge of the plans targeting Hamshari and other Palestinians.[4] Hamshari was accused of being directly related to this incident[1] and serving as the leader of Black September in France.[7]

A Mossad agent acting as an Italian journalist contacted Hamshari for an interview.[4] When he was meeting with the Mossad agent, a group of Mossad operatives allegedly entered his home and inserted a bomb under a telephone.[4] This group was headed by Zvi Malchin.[9]

According to another narrative, Hamshari was severely wounded at his Paris home on the morning of 8 December 1972 by a booby-trapped device remotely controlled through a telephone call.[2][10][11] He was treated at the Cochin Hospital but lost his leg in the attack.[1][4] Hamshari was able to provide the French authorities with details of the attack[4]before his death in the hospital on 9 January 1973.[3][4] He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, which was visited by the PLO leader Yasser Arafat on 3 May 1989.[3][12]

Aftermath

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The following day, Arab diplomats in Paris organized a three-hour press conference and warned that the French government was responsible for their well-being.[9] Israel also launched an information campaign via Western media outlets such as Agence France-Presse and BBC.[13] According to Israel, Hamshari was injured while making an explosive device at his home.

After the assassination of Hamshari, the PLO intensified its attacks on Israelis on the orders of Ali Hassan Salameh.[14] The first attack was carried out by Black September in Thailand in an attempt to take the Israeli ambassador hostage.[14] Then Baruch Cohen, a Mossad intelligence officer, was killed by Black September in Madrid, Spain on 26 January 1973.[10][14] The PLO claimed that Cohen was part of the Mossad squad that targeted Hamshari.[10]

Legacy

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In 1973, the Palestine-Mahmoud Hamshari Prize was established in his memory by L'Association de Solidarite Franco Arabe and the magazine France Pays Arabes. [4] One of the Palestinian Red Crescent hospitals in Lebanon, Mahmoud Hamshari Hospital, was named after him.[15] A primary school for girls in Tulkarm also bears his name.[16]

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Anton Shammas's 1986 novel Arabesques mentions Hamshari's grave in the Père Lachaise cemetery. [3] In the novel Shammas draws an analogy between Hamshari and Marcel Proust describing them as a Jew of Time and an Arab of Place[3][17] because the inscription on Hamshari's grave reads "the man of the lost home" and the inscription on Proust's grave reads "the man of the lost time".[17]

Hamshari is one of the characters in Steven Spielberg's 2005 film Munich.[7][18] He was portrayed by Igal Naor in the film.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Maher Hassan (10 January 2023). ""زى النهارده".. وفاة القيادى الفلسطينى محمود الهمشرى أثر عملية اغتياله في ١٠ يناير ١٩٧٣". Al-Masry Al-Youm. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "49 عاما على اغتيال محمود الهمشري". Palestinian Information Center (in Arabic). 10 January 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e Shai Ginsburg (Summer 2006). ""The Rock of Our Very Existence": Anton Shammas's Arabesques and the Rhetoric of Hebrew Literature". Comparative Literature. 58 (3): 194. doi:10.1215/-58-3-187.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rana Abdullah (9 May 2013). "I Knew a Hero Once: My Uncle Mahmoud, in My Memory, 40 Years On". Palestine Chronicle. ProQuest 1349645228. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Khadijeh Habashneh (2023). Knights of Cinema: The Story of the Palestine Film Unit. Palgrave Studies in Arab Cinema. Translated by Samirah Alkassim; Nadine Fattaleh. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18858-9. ISBN 978-3-031-18858-9. S2CID 259622256.
  6. ^ Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi (2006). "The Anti-Shah Opposition and Lebanon". In Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi (ed.). Distant Relations Iran and Lebanon in the last 500 years. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 195. ISBN 978-1860645617.
  7. ^ a b c "Olympics Massacre: Munich - The real story". The Independent. 22 January 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  8. ^ "Israeli confirms assassinations of Munich massacre plotters". The Washington Post. 24 November 1993. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  9. ^ a b Aaron J. Klein (2005). Striking back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's deadly response. New York: Random House. pp. 129–130. ISBN 9781400064274.
  10. ^ a b c Christopher Dobson; Ronald Payne (1979). The Weapons of Terror: International Terrorism at Work. London; Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 201. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-16111-9. ISBN 978-1-349-16111-9.
  11. ^ Michael Bar-Zohar; Nissim Mishal (2012). Mossad: The Greatest Missions of the Israeli Secret Service. New York: Ecco. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-06-212344-2.
  12. ^ "Jeux olympiques de Munich: comment Israël a vengé la mort de ses athlètes à ces jeux avec l'opération secrète "Colère de Dieu"" (in French). BBC. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  13. ^ "The Al-Hamshari Affair and the News Media". Journal of Palestine Studies. 2 (3): 145–146. 1973. doi:10.2307/2535765. JSTOR 2535765.
  14. ^ a b c Benjamin A. Dawson (June 2013). Manhunts: A Policy Makers Guide to High-Value Targeting (MA thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 50–51.
  15. ^ "Palestinian President contacts Dabbour". National News Agency Lebanon. 23 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  16. ^ "1.2 Million Palestinian Students Start School Year 2015 - 2016". Palestine News Agency. Ramallah. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  17. ^ a b Yael S. Feldman (1999). "Postcolonial Memory, Postmodern Intertextuality: Anton Shammas's Arabesques Revisited". PMLA. 114 (3): 383. doi:10.2307/463377. JSTOR 463377. S2CID 163999056.
  18. ^ James Schamus (2007). "Next Year in Munich: Zionism, Masculinity, and Diaspora in Spielberg's Epic". Representations. 100 (1): 59. doi:10.1525/rep.2007.100.1.53.
  19. ^ "Munich credits". Metacritic. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
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