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Malaipaṭukaṭām (Tamil: மலைபடுகடாம்) is an ancient Tamil poem in the Pattuppāṭṭu anthology of the Sangam literature.[1] Authored by Perunkunrur Perunkausikanar who is considered as a Brahmin due to his name Kausikanar which denotes the Vedic Rishi Kaushika,[2] it consists of 583 lines according to Kamil Zvelebil[note 1] lines that describe the nature scenes, the people and the culture of mountain countryside under king Nannan.[3][4] The poem is dated approximately to 210 CE by Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.[7] The lengthy poem mentions the Hindu god Maha Vishnu primarily.[8] Maha Vishnu was considered as the "Supreme Deity" in the poem and worshiped by many saints and kings.[9] It also mentions the goddess of wealth, Lakshmi in lines 463–464 and the "goddess who sits enthroned on Maha Vishnus chest".[10][11] There are also mentions where the king is looking similar to the god Murugan – the god of war (line 651).[5]
The title of the poem Malaipatukatam, also spelled Malaipadukadam,[4] is found in lines 347–348 of the poem in the context of "roaring elephants in rut".[4] The title has been interpreted in two ways. Some scholars translate it as "the secretion oozing from the mountains", while others as "the sound of katam which arises in the mountains". Either is metonymically interpreted as "the Echo of the Mountains".[1][3] The poem is also known as Kūttarāṟṟupaṭai (Kuttararruppatai), lit. "Guide to the Dancing Minstrels", a title that suggests that it is an arruppatai-genre poem.[1]
The Malaipatukatam is known for its similes, some of which are also found in other Sangam poems.[1] It paints a vivid picture of the hilly region (near Chengam, then called Chenkama), the people, the troupes of actors and their musical instruments.[4] The poem describes the beauty of the female singers and dancers. Other lines present the valor of virtues king Nannan.[4] His capital city is described, along with a long catalog-like description of the birds, animals, trees, flowers, and fruits found in the hilly kingdom.[4]
The guide outlines some natural dangers faced by troupes as they travel from one performance site to another, and the generous hospitality they will receive from villagers along their way.[4] It mentions servings of alcohol made from rice that is aged in bamboos, a meal of rice, buttermilk, avarai beans and tamarind gravy.[12] A few lines in the Malaipatukatam mention the shepherds, the fishermen and the farmers along the Cheyyar River (Seyaru).[4] The women in these regions, states the poem, sing songs as they pound and husk the grains.[13]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Kamil Zvelebil 1974, pp. 24–25.
- ^ "Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
- ^ a b c Kamil Zvelebil 1973, p. 59.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i JV Chelliah 1946, pp. 283–284.
- ^ a b Fred W. Clothey (2019). The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan. Walter De Gruyter. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-11-080410-2.
- ^ JV Chelliah 1946, pp. 325.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1974, p. 25.
- ^ "Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
- ^ "Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
- ^ JV Chelliah 1946, pp. 297, 326–327.
- ^ "Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
- ^ Rayson K. Alex; S. Susan Deborah (2016). Ecodocumentaries: Critical Essays. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-137-56224-1.
- ^ Vijaya Ramaswamy (2016). Women and Work in Precolonial India: A Reader. SAGE Publications. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-93-5150-740-6.
Bibliography
[edit]- JV Chelliah (1946). Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation). Tamil University (1985 print).
- Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001). Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1587-8.
- Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
- Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. ISBN 81-206-0955-7.
- Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 9780521011099.
- Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231150651
- Takanobu Takahashi (1995). Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10042-3.
- Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
- Kamil Zvelebil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. BRILL. p. 73. ISBN 90-04-09365-6.