Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area

Map of the locations of the indigenous settlements of Bolivia

The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia (the Llanos de Moxos and Chiquitania regions) and Brazil (Rondonia[1] and Mato Grosso states).[2]

Languages

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Crevels and van der Voort (2008) propose a Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in Beni Department and Santa Cruz Department) and Rondonia and northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil. In Bolivia, many of the languages were historically spoken at the Jesuit Missions of Moxos and also the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows.[3]

Tupian branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

Language isolates in the linguistic area are:

Linguistic features

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Areal features include:[3]

  • a high incidence of prefixes
  • evidentials
  • directionals
  • verbal number
  • lack of nominal number
  • lack of classifiers
  • inclusive/exclusive distinction

Pieter Muysken et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.[4]

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

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Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:[5]

Number Gloss Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé Ignaciano Trinitário Paunáka Paikonéka Bauré
1. abóbora *mokuβɨ-re makure mkure *mukubɨre *mokoβire mokovis
2. água *ɨne une une ɨne ina *ine
3. algodão *kɔhɔ-re kaha-re kho-re kuhu-e kohoβu-re kahawo-r
4. amendoim *kɨrike-re kurike-re kriç-re kɨike - *kirike-re
5. animal doméstico *pero -pera -pero peu - -per
6. anta *samo sama samo samu i-somo som
7. arco-íris *ɔ a-{ʔe} o-{ʔe} u-{e} - {ni}-aʔ
8. arraia *ihino ihina hino-mo ihinu ihino *sinu-mpe
9. árvore *βoku - βku-çi - {ape}-oko -wok(o)
10. asa *-poβo -paβa -poβo *-pubu - *-powo
11. assar *-himo- -a-hima-ka- -o-hmo-ko- -himu-k- - -himo- ‘queimar’
12. avó *-oʦe -aʦe -oʦe -use - *-ose
13. avô *-ɔʧɨko -aʧuka -oʧko *-uʧiku - *-aʃiko
14. bêbado *-kɔβɨ- -kaβa-ʔa- -koβo-o- -kubɨ-u- - -kavi-
15. beber, tomar *-er-o- -er-a- -er-o- -e- - -er(o)-
16. beija-flor *piʦe pitse pitse pise ‘pássaro’ pite *pite
17. bicho-de-pé *kitu-re situ-re stu-re kitu-e *sito-ri -
18. bicho-preguiça *puʔe puʔe puʔe pue - poʔe
19. boca *-nukɨ -nuku ‘bocado’ {hii}-nuku ‘bigode’ *-nukɨ - -noki
20. brasas *e-moni-ki e-mani-ki -moni e-muni-ki - *e-moni-si
21. cana *kute-nɔ akute-na ʔkute-no - kote-na-se kote-n
22. cantar *-akɔ- - - -aku-suni -aka- -ak-
23. capivara *uʧɨ uʧu uʧu *uʧɨ *aʔ-oʧi oʃ(i)
24. carão *koʧu-re kaʧu-re kʧu-re - - koʃo-r
25. carne *-eʧe -eʧe -eʧe -eʧe - -eʃ
26. casa *pe-nɔ -pe-na (dep) -pe-no (dep) - - -pe-n ‘toca’
27. céu *anɨ anu-ma anu-mo anɨ-mu ani ani
28. chifre *-hiʔɨ -hiʔu -hiʔu *-hiɨ -hi -hiʔ
29. chorar *-ijɔ- -ija-ʔ-a -ijo-ʔ-o -ju- -ʧo- -ja-
30. comer *-ni-ko- -ni-ka- -ni-ko- -ni-k- -ni-ko- -ni-(k)-
31. cortar *-ʧu-ko- -e-ʧuka- -ʧukoʔo- - - a-ʃok-
32. cupim *moto-rɨ mata-ru mto-ru - moto-ri-pa ‘cupinzeiro’ moto-ri
33. cutia *peri peʔi peʔi pei peri peri
34. dedo *-βoʔɨ-ki -βau-ki -βu-çi -buɨ *-βoʔi-ne-si *-woʔi-si
35. defecar *-sɔ- -sa-ka- -so-ko- - - -sa-(p)-
36. doente *-huma -ka-huma -ko-hma - - *-hom
37. doer *-koti -kati -koti(-ʧo) -kuti ‘doente’ -koti ‘doente’ -koti-c-
38. dois *api- api- api- - - api-n
39. dormir *-imo-ko- -ima-ka- im-ko- -imu-k- -mo-k-o- -imo-k-
40. enguia *iti-re iti-re ʔti-re-pi iti-e oti-ra *iti-re
41. entrar *-kiɔpo- -siapa- -siop- bɨ-kupu- - -siap-
42. esposa *-jeno -jena -jeno -jenu - -jeno
43. espremer *kopiti-ko- -kapiti-ka- -kopʧa-ko- kupiti-k- - kopiti-e-k-
44. esquerda *-sɔpa -sapa -sopa - - -sap
45. folha *-po- -pa-ka-hi -po-ko-hi -pu-ne - -po-n
46. formiga *koʦi-rɨ kaʧi-ru kʧi-ru kusi-u koʧi-ri koʃi-ri
47. fritar *-surɨ- -suru-ka- -suu-ko- - - -sori-
48. fruta *-ʔi -ʔi -ʔi -i -ʔi *-ʔi
49. galho *-aβo -t-aβa -t-aβo(-hi) - - *-awo
50. genro *-ʧina -ʧina -ʧina - - ʃinaʔ
51. grande *ʧo i-ʧa-pe ʔ-ʧo-pe - - ʧo
52. grilo *βiʦi βiʧi βiʧi bisi βiʧi viʃi
53. homem *hirɔ a-haira ʔ-hiro - - hir(a)
54. ir *-jono- -jana- -jono- -jun- -ʧono- -jon(o)-
55. jacaré *kɔhiɨ-re kahiu-re khʸu-re kuhibu-e *kohi-re kahi-re
56. jacutinga *huβi huβi huβi *e-hubi - hovi-r(e)
57. lago *kɔkiɨ kakiu-re koçu-re - - aki
58. lavar *-kipɔ- -sipa-ka- -sip-ko- kipu-ch- - -sipa
59. levar *-ɔmo- -ama- -omo- -um- - -amo-
60. língua *-nene -nene -nene -pe-nene i-pe-ne -pe-nene
61. lobo-guará *okɔrɔ akara-ma okro-mo - - okara-nan
62. lua *kohe kahe kohe kuhe kehe-re kihe-r
63. luz, iluminar *-mika- -mika-ʔu -mik-ʔu - - -mika-
64. macaco *ijo ija ijo iju iʧo-re ijo-re
65. madeira *jɔkɨ-ki juku-ki jku-çi jɨkɨ-ke ʧaki-se *jaki-se
66. maduro *-jɔ- -ja-ʔa- -jo-ʔo- - - -ja-k-
67. mãe *-eno -ena -eno -enu *-eno -en(o)
68. mama, teta *-ʧeni -ʧene -ʧene -ʧene - *-ʃeni
69. mamar *(-ɔ)-hi-ko- -ahi-ka- -oh-ko- -uhi-k- - -hi-k-
70. mandioca *kɨha kuhu kuh-pa kɨha-pi - kaha-p
71. mão *-βoʔɨ -βaʔu -βoʔu ‘pulso’ -buɨ *-βoʔi -wo-
72. medo *-piko- -pika- -piko- -i-pik- - -piko-
73. milho *moke a-maki ʔ-moçi a-muke o-mose mos
74. morcego *βite βite βite bite βite-re vite-r
75. morrer *-epeno- -epena- -epeno- - - -epen(o-)
76. mosquito *aniʔɨ aniʔu *ʔniʔu anibɨ oni *aniʔ
77. mulher *eʦeno esena ʔseno -senu *-iteno eteno
78. mutum *ukuʔi ukuʔi ʔkuʔi - - wokoij
79. nariz *-siri -siri -siri - -sere-ki -siri-ki
80. ninho *-moko -maka-hi -moko-hi -muku-hi - ʃira-mok
81. noite *joti jati joti juti - *joti-ʔe
82. nuvem *ɨko uka-hi uko-hi ɨku ‘chuva’ iko ‘chover’ -
83. olho *-βɨki -uki-{ʔa} -uç-{ʔa} -bɨke *-βiki-s(e) -iki-se
84. onça *iʧini iʧini ʔʧini isini iʧene iʃini
85. orelha *-ʧoka -ʧaka-pe -ʧoka -ʧuka - -ʧok
86. osso *-(n)ope ij-ape ʔj-ope-çi e-upe *e-nope *e-nope
87. ouvir *-samo- -sama- -samo- -samu- - *-samo-
88. pai *-ija -ija -ija -ia - iaʔ
89. palmeira (bacuri) *koʧi kaʧi koʧ-no - koʧi koʃ
90. pato *pohi u-pahi ʔ-pohi u-puhi i-pohi ʔ-pohi
91. pato roncador *βonono βanana βnono - - wonon
92. peixe *himo hima himo himu ʔimo *himo
93. pele *-(ʧ)uma -uma-ma -um-mo - i-tioma *-ʧoma
94. pequeno *-ʧepi *-iʧepi-ʧu *-ʔ-ʧeʔ-ʧu -ʧepi-tɨ - -t-iʃepi
95. pescoço *-pike-(nɨ) -pike-nu -piçe-nu *-pike-nɨ - *-pihe
96. pessoa *oʧane aʧane ʔʧane uʧane oʧane ‘homem’ *oʧane
97. pimenta *ʧeti i-ʧeti ʔ-ʧeti u-ʧeti *e-ʧeti *ʃeti
98. piolho *-ine -iɲe -iɲe -ine - *-ine
99. piranha *urɨmɔ uruma ʔrumo *ɨmu orimo orima
100. porco *ʦimo-rɨ tsimaru *ʦmoru - simori simori
101. pulmão *-haha -haha -haha - - -hah
102. queimado *-hɨ- -i-hu- -i-hu- i-hɨ-e- - -him(o)-
103. rabo *-ihi-ki -ihi-ki -ih-çi *-ihi - -ihi-s
104. raposa *ʧɨje ʧuje ʧuje - ʧiʔe ʃijeʔ
105. rato *koʦo kaʦa koʦo kusu *koso kosio (Língua muxojeóne)
106. responder *-kopo- -hi-kapa- -hi-kpo- ha-kup- - -kopo-nia
107. roedor *majuko majuka ‘preá’ mjuko ‘coelho’ - *maʧoko ‘preá’ majak ‘preá’
108. rosto *-mirɔ -mira -miro -miu-iɨke -{mi}miro -mira
109. saber *-ʧo- -eʧa- -eʧo- ‘lembrar’ *-eʧu-na- - -ʧo-
110. sangue *-iti iti iti -iti - -iti
111. sobrinho/a *-ʧe-(hi) -ʧe-hi -ʧe-ra - - -ʃi-h
112. sogra *-mose -i-mase -i-mse -muse - -mos
113. sogro *-moʧɨuko -i-maʧuka -i-mʧuko - - -moʃok
114. tartaruga *kipɨ sipu sipu kipɨ sipi{-ra} {ko-}sip(o)
115. terminar *-ito- -ita- -ito- - - -eto-
116. terra *moʦe mate-hi mote-hi mute-hi mose *mose
117. tia *-aka -aka ‘tia avó’ - - - -aka
118. tio *-kɨko -e-kuka - -kɨku - -kik
119. tomar banho *-koβo- -kaβa- -koβo- -kub- - -kowo-{jo-}
120. trazer *-ɔpɔ- -n-apa-na- -upu-n- - -apa-
121. três *mopo- mapa- mopo-na - - mpo-na
122. urucum *nire i-nire ʔ-nire - - nir
123. veado *kɔhɔβɔ kahaβa khoβo kusubu kohoβo kahaw
124. veado *mukɔ muka muko moka
125. velho *-ʧɔ, *-ʧo i-ʧa-si ʔ-ʧo-si -ʧu-bui e-ʧo -
126. veneno *mɔti -mati ʔ-moti - - mati
127. ver *-imoʔɔ- -ima-ʔa- -im-ʔo- -mu- -ʔimo-ʔa- -
128. vespa *hane hane hane hane - hane
129. voar *-ɔro- -ara- -oro- - - -aro-

See also

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Further reading

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  • Crevels, M. & van der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In Muysken, P. (eds.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre
  • Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
  • Maldi, Denise. 1991. O Complexo Cultural do Marico: Sociedades Indígenas dos Rios Branco, Colorado e Mequens, Afluentes do Médio Guaporé. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia, vol. 7(2), p. 209-269.
  • Meireles, Denise Maldi. 1989. Guardiães da fronteira: Rio Guaporé, século XVIII. Petrópolis: Vozes. ISBN 85-326-0017-4.
  • Meirelles, Denise Maldi & Meirelles, Apoena. 1984. Tribos extintas e migrações indígenas em Rondônia (Do século XVII até os primeiros decênios do século XX). Anuário de Divulgação Científica, v. 10, p. 134-45. Goiânia: Universidade Católica de Goiás.
  • Nimuendajú, Curt. 1925. As tribus do alto Madeira. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 17: 137-172.
  • Ramirez, Henri. 2006. As línguas indígenas do Alto Madeira: estatuto atual e bibliografia básica. Língua Viva, vol. 1, n. 1.
  • Ramirez, Henri. 2010. Etnônimos e topônimos no Madeira (séculos XVI-XX): um sem-número de equívocos. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica, v. 2 n. 2, p. 179-224.
  • Sampaio, W. & da Silva Sinha, V. (2011). Fieldwork data from languages in Rondônia. Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL).

References

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  1. ^ Cronhamn, Sandra (2013). The spread of cultural vocabulary in Rondônia. B.A. honors thesis, Lund University.
  2. ^ van der Voort, Hein (2008). Interethnic contact in the Guaporé region and its linguistic consequences. Lund University, 2008-06-03.
  3. ^ a b Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
  4. ^ Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
  5. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 7-37. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646164
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