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The phoneme inventory of the Marathi language is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below.
Vowels[edit]
Vowels in native words are:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
There is almost no phonemic length distinction, even though it is indicated in the script. Some educated speakers try to maintain a length distinction in learned borrowings (tatsamas) from Sanskrit.[1]
There are no nasal vowels, although some speakers of Puneri and Kokni dialects maintain nasalization of vowels that was present in old Marathi and continues to be orthographically present in modern Marathi.[2]
Marathi furthermore contrasts /əi, əu/ with /ai, au/.
There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of /æ/ in act and /ɔ/ in all. These are written as ⟨अॅ⟩ and ⟨ऑ⟩.
The default vowel has two allophones apart from ə. The most prevalent allophone is ɤ, which results in कळ (kaḷa) being more commonly pronounced as [kɤːɺ̢ ] rather than [kəɺ̢ ]. Another rare allophone is ʌ, which occurs in words such as महाराज (mahārāja): [mʌɦaˈrad͡ʒ]. [3]
Marathi retains several features of Sanskrit that have been lost in other Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in terms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants. For instance, Marathi retains the original diphthong qualities of ⟨ऐ⟩ [əi], and ⟨औ⟩ [əu] which became monophthongs in Hindi. However, similar to speakers of Western Indo-Aryan languages and Dravidian languages, Marathi speakers tend to pronounce syllabic consonant ऋ ṛ as [ru], unlike Northern Indo-Aryan languages which changed it to [ri] (e.g. the original Sanskrit pronunciation of the language's name was saṃskṛtam, while in day-to-day Marathi it is saṃskrut. In other Indic languages, it is closer to sanskrit). Spoken Marathi allows for conservative stress patterns in words like शब्द (śabda) with an emphasis on the ending vowel sound, a feature that has been lost in Hindi due to Schwa deletion.
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | plain | m | n | ɳ | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||
| murmured | mʱ | nʱ | ɳʱ | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡s | ʈ | t͡ɕ~t͡ʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ~f | tʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ɕʰ~t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | d͡z~z | ɖ | d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
| murmured | bʱ | dʱ | d͡zʱ~zʱ | ɖʱ | d͡ʑʱ~d͡ʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ɕ~ʃ | h~ɦ | ||||
| Approximant | plain | ʋ | l | ɭ | j | |||
| murmured | ʋʱ | lʱ | (jʱ)[6] | |||||
| Flap/Trill | plain | ɾ~r | (𝼈)[7] | |||||
| murmured | ɾʱ~rʱ | |||||||
- Marathi used to have a /t͡sʰ/ but it merged with /s/.[4]
- Some speakers pronounce /d͡z, d͡zʱ/ as fricatives but the aspiration is maintained in /zʱ/.[4]
A defining feature of the Marathi language is the split of Indo-Aryan ल /la/ into a retroflex lateral flap ळ (ḷa) and alveolar ल (la). For instance, कुळ (kuḷa) for the Sanskrit कुलम् (kulam, 'clan') and कमळ (kamaḷ) for Sanskrit कमलम् (kamalam 'lotus'). Marathi got ळ possibly due to long contact from Dravidian languages; there are some ḷ words loaned from Kannada like ṭhaḷak from taḷaku but most of the words are native. Vedic Sanskrit did have /ɭ, ɭʱ/ as well, but they merged with /ɖ, ɖʱ/ by the time of classical Sanskrit.[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^ Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009). Marathi. London Oriental and African Languages Library, 13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- ^ Sardesai, p. 547.
- ^ Ghatage, p. 111.
- ^ a b c *Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- ^ Pandharipande, Rajeshwari V. (2003). Marathi. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 789–790.
- ^ In Kudali dialect
- ^ Masica (1991:97)
- Ghatage, A.M (1970). Marathi Of Kasargod. Mumbai.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sardesai, V.N. Some Problems in the Nasalization of Marathi, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
- Ghatage, M.M. Pronunciation Problems of the Marathi Speakers, Language in India.