Margaret Carroux

Margaret Carroux (31 May 1912 – 22 July 1991) was a German translator who translated from English and French into German. Born in Berlin into an international family, she studied economy, English and French before working as a commercial clerk and as foreign language correspondent. After World War II, she worked for the American military government before moving to Frankfurt, where she did translations and news agency work. In the 1960s, she started translating books; the first of more than eighty was Moshe Pearlman's The capture of Adolf Eichmann. Under the pseudonyms Martin Boor and Emmi Heimann, she translated books by Guillaume Chpaltine [fr] and Leopold Trepper from French to German.

Carroux's best-known work is the first German translation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, which appeared in 1969 and 1970. Her translation was done in dialogue with Tolkien and used his Guide to the Names in the Lord of the Ring, and has been described as classy and respectful. In 1983, she published a translation of the Tolkien parody Bored of the Rings.

Margaret Bister was born on 31 May 1912 into a German-speaking international family in Berlin.^[1][2][3][a] Her father, who was born in Berlin, was originally French and later went to the US where he married his deceased first wife's sister before returning to Germany.^[3] Her mother was originally Jewish but had been baptised as a child.^[3] Carroux studied economy, English and French in Berlin but dropped out after she suspected her advisor was a Nazi.^[3] She then worked as a commercial clerk and as a foreign language correspondent.^[3] After the end of World War II, she worked for the American military government, further improving her English.^[3] Together with an American friend, she founded a subsidiary of Overseas Weekly and offered translations of American articles to German newspapers.^[3] She moved to Frankfurt in 1949, where she co-founded an international news agency.^[5] She married a civil engineer and had two children.^[5]

Carroux died on 22 July 1991.^[1] In his eulogy at her funeral on 1 August 1991, the translator Klaus Birkenhauer remembered Carroux's raspy voice, the "sparkling brevity" in her use of language and the hospitality she offered to other translators during the Frankfurt Book Fair. He also praised her "brilliant" contributions to a translator-built dictionary.^[6]

In the 1960s, after the end of her marriage, Carroux started to translate books from English and French.^[5] Her first published translation was of Moshe Pearlman's The capture of Adolf Eichmann,^[5] which appeared as Die Festnahme des Adolf Eichmann at S. Fischer Verlag in 1961.^[7] From 1967, she was a member of the VdÜ [de], the German association of translators;^[8] she contributed several articles to its members' journal, Der Übersetzer.^[9] By 1977, she had translated 87 books^[3] and was a sought after translator who earned up to DM 19.80 per page^[10] (equivalent to €24.50 in 2021).^[11] Her translation work included both fiction and non-fiction, especially from the humanities.^[2] Besides her own name, she used the pseudonyms "Emmi Heimann" and "Martin Boor".^[12] As Martin Boor, she translated La Renonce ou Le tracé des frontières relatives by Guillaume Chpaltine [fr] as Die nichtgespielte Karte; the book appeared in 1963.^[13] As Emmi Heimann, she translated the autobiography of Leopold Trepper, Le grand jeu into German as Die Wahrheit, appearing in 1975.^[14] Other authors translated by Carroux include Betty Friedan, Arthur Janov, Miles Tripp, Sébastien Japrisot, Edna O'Brien, Chaim Potok, Françoise Sagan^[15] and Nadine Gordimer.^[16][17]

The German publishing house Ernst Klett Verlag [de] (later Klett-Cotta Verlag [de]) made an offer for the German translation rights for J. R. R. Tolkien's epic fantasy book The Lord of the Rings in October 1966.^[18] After other translators had declined, Klett asked Carroux to translate it.^[16] Carroux first translated Tolkien's story "Leaf by Niggle"; her translation (which appeared in 1975 in the collection Fabelhafte Geschichten)^[19] was sent to Tolkien as a sample of her work via his publisher, Rayner Unwin, in September 1967.^[20] A visit of Carroux in Oxford was arranged for December 1967, shortly after Tolkien had received the first 110 pages of her translation.^[21] Carroux arrived on a cold day with a suitcase full of books and was received by Tolkien in his unheated study, a converted garage.^[b] Both Tolkien and his wife were ill, so he was unable to offer any refreshments, and he was testy and tight-lipped, so Carroux left again after just one hour.^[3] They continued to be in contact via mail. She found it difficult to translate especially the poetry, but Tolkien encouraged her after seeing further specimens, stated that he hoped to see poetry and prose translated by the same person, and offered further assistance.^[24] According to Carroux, Tolkien discreetly voiced some disapproval of her poetry, and she herself doubted her ability.^[3] The poetry was finally translated by Ebba-Margareta von Freymann [de].^[16] The book appeared as Der Herr der Ringe in three volumes in 1969 and 1970.^[19]

In response to his dissatisfaction with the Dutch and Swedish translations of the Lord of the Rings, Tolkien had created a Guide to the Names in the Lord of the Ring, a glossary with instructions for translators.^[25][26] Carroux generally followed his guidelines, as in translating the innkeeper's name "Barliman Butterbur" as Gerstenmann Butterblume.^[27] For "Shelob", a giant spider whose name is composed of the female-indicating "she" and "lob", a dialectal word for spider, Carroux changed Kanker, an old German term for spider, to a female form, resulting in "Kankra".^[28] For "The Shire", Tolkien would have preferred Gau, but worried that its Nazi use might have made the word unacceptable to use. Carroux shared this concern (which she explained in her translation of the appendices), and chose Auenland ('meadow-land') instead.^[29]

Carroux's translations were described by the contemporary reviewer Eugen Skasa-Weiß [de] as "resonant" and "blissfully clear".^[16][3] However, there were various errors, some of them caused by Carroux's lack of knowledge of the background of Tolkien's writing that would later appear as the Silmarillion.^[16] Other mistakes were introduced by her editor, who insisted on translating some English standing expressions literally.^[16][10] The Tolkien scholar Susanne Stopfel gives as her overall verdict, "It is a very classy translation that treats its source with enormous respect."^[16] Some of the mistranslations were corrected in a later edition by Roswitha Krege-Mayer in 1991.^[30][31] Wolfgang Krege, the translator of the Silmarillion into German,^[30][32] criticised that Carroux's translation had applied a "uniform fairy-tale tone" to the diverse styles of the original.^[33] He created his own new translation of the Lord of the Rings that used a greater variety of German styles to correspond to different manners of speech in the original.^[34]

In addition to Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, Carroux also translated the 1969 parody Bored of the Rings into German.^[16] The book appeared in 1983 as Der Herr der Augenringe ('Lord of the eye-rings').^[35] In an "apology" published in 1984, Carroux explained her motivation for translating this parody. While she was not as fascinated as by the original text, she welcomed the challenge posed by the combination of Tolkien-inspired antiquated language with recent dirty American slang. She also pointed out that the title had been translated by the publisher, not by her.^[36]

• Hammond, Wayne G. (1993). J.R.R. Tolkien : a descriptive bibliography. Winchester, UK; New Castle, Del.: St. Paul's Bibliographies; Oak Knoll Books. ISBN 978-0-938768-42-5.
• Maletzke, Elsemarie (13 September 1977). "Gegen die 'Lektoratseinheitssoße': Schon 87 Bücher übersetzt - von Tolkien bis zur Sagan" [Against the 'uniformity sauce of the editors': 87 books already translated - from Tolkien to Sagan]. Börsenblatt für den deutschen Buchhandel (in German). 33 (73): 65–67.
• Nagel, Rainer (2004a). ""The New One Wants to Assimilate the Alien" — Different Interpretations of a Source Text as a Reason For Controversy: The 'Old' and the 'New' German Translation of The Lord of the Rings". In Honegger, Thomas (ed.). Translating Tolkien: Text and Film. Cormarë series. Vol. 6. Zurich and Berne: Walking Tree Publishers. pp. 21–52. ISBN 3-9521424-9-2.
• Nagel, Rainer (2004b). "The Treatment of Proper Names in the German Edition(s) of The Lord of the Rings as an Example of Norms in Translation Practice". In Honegger, Thomas (ed.). Translating Tolkien: Text and Film. Cormarë series. Vol. 6. Zurich and Berne: Walking Tree Publishers. pp. 93–111. ISBN 3-9521424-9-2.
• Schögler, Rafael Y. (2023). Die Politik der Buchübersetzung - Entwicklungslinien in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften nach 1945 (in German). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
• Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. (2006). The J.R.R. Tolkien companion & guide. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 978-0-618-39102-8.
• Stopfel, Susanne (2005). "Traitors and translators: three German versions of "The Lord of the Rings"". Mallorn: The Journal of the Tolkien Society (43): 11–14. ISSN 0308-6674. JSTOR 45320518.
• Kürschner, Joseph, ed. (1988). Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender (in German). De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783112418147. ISBN 9783112418130.