Mary Jane Richardson Jones

Mary Jane Richardson Jones
Portrait of Mary Richardson Jones by Aaron E. Darling, circa 1865
Jones c. 1865
Born
Mary Jane Richardson

c. 1819
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
DiedDecember 26, 1909(1909-12-26) (aged 89–90)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
OccupationActivist
Movement
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1841; died 1879)​
Children1

Mary Jane Richardson Jones (c. 1819 – December 26, 1909) was an American abolitionist, philanthropist, and suffragist. Born in Tennessee to free African-American parents, Jones and her family moved to Illinois. With her husband, John, she was a leading African-American figure in the early history of Chicago. The Jones household was a stop on the Underground Railroad and a center of abolitionist activity in the pre-Civil War era, helping hundreds of fugitive slaves flee slavery.

After her husband's death in 1879, Jones continued to support African-American civil rights and advancement in Chicago, and became a suffragist. Jones was active in the women's club movement and mentored a new generation of younger black leaders, such as Fannie Barrier Williams and Ida B. Wells. Historian Wanda A. Hendricks has described her as a wealthy "aristocratic matriarch, presiding over the [city's] black elite for two decades."[1]

Early life

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Mary Jane Richardson was born in 1819 in Memphis, Tennessee,[1] to a free black family; her parents were Elijah and Diza[a] Richardson.[3][4][5] Her father was a blacksmith, and her mother was a homemaker.[3][6] Richardson was one of the middle children among nine born to the Richardsons between 1810 and 1845.[3] In their 1945 book They Seek A City, Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy described Richardson as a light-skinned woman "whose queenly beauty became a legend in later years."[7]

In the 1830s, Richardson moved with her family to the Mississippi River port of Alton, Illinois.[8] As a teenager, she witnessed the riots in Alton surrounding the murder of Elijah Parish Lovejoy, an anti-slavery newspaperman. Lovejoy's funeral passed by Richardson's father's house, an event which she "vividly" remembered years later.[9]

Marriage and move to Chicago

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Black and white portrait of the couple sitting side by side
Mary Jane Richardson Jones with her husband John shortly after their marriage

In 1841, Richardson married John Jones, taking his surname. He was a free black man originally from North Carolina. Jones had first met him in Tennessee and he moved to Alton to woo her.[4] Their daughter Lavinia was born in 1843.[2] The couple, ever mindful that their status as free could be called into question, secured fresh copies of freedmen's papers before an Alton court on November 28, 1844.[4] The young family moved to Chicago in March 1845, eight years after the city's incorporation.[4][10] Committed abolitionists, they were drawn by Chicago's large anti-slavery movement.[2][6] On the journey, they were suspected of being runaway slaves and detained, but were freed on the appeal of their stagecoach driver.[10][11]

The couple arrived in the city with only $3.50 (equivalent to $110 in 2023[12]), pawning a watch to afford rent and the purchase of two stoves. A black grocer, O. G. Hanson, gave the Joneses $2 in credit (equivalent to $70 in 2023[12]).[7] John Jones's tailoring business succeeded and by 1850, they were able to afford their own home.[4] Although both were illiterate when they arrived in the city, they quickly taught themselves to read and write, viewing it as key to empowerment—John wrote that "reading makes a free man".[4]

Antebellum life in Chicago

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The Joneses became members of a small community of African Americans in Chicago, comprising 140 people at the time of their arrival.[10] Along with three other women, Jones became a leader in the African Methodist Episcopal church based at Quinn Chapel, and developed it into a well-trafficked stop on the Underground Railroad.[8][10][11] The Joneses joined the Liberty Party and made their family home Chicago's second stop on the Underground Railroad.[2]

While John's tailoring business prospered, Jones managed their home as a center of black activism, organizing resistance to the Black Codes and other restrictive laws like the Fugitive Slave Act.[5][11] Their friends included prominent abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, who introduced them to John Brown.[2][4] Brown and his associates, described by Jones as "the roughest looking men I ever saw", stayed with the Joneses on their way east to their raid on Harpers Ferry. Jones provided new clothes for the radicals, including, as she recalled in an account given years later, the garb Brown was hanged in six months later.[13] The Joneses were not militant, despite their anti-slavery views, and did not support Brown's plan for a violent slave uprising.[2]

Together with her husband, Jones assisted hundreds of enslaved people fleeing north to Canada at a time when such actions were illegal, standing guard at the door during meetings of abolitionists.[1][2] Writing in 1905, their daughter Lavinia Jones Lee recalled her mother personally loading fugitives onto trains north at the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad station on Sherman Street while slave catchers watched, kept away by a restless anti-slavery crowd.[4][13] Jones kept track of those she had assisted, writing letters to many former fugitives and forming a network of aid centered on her and John.[10][14]

Photograph of Mary Richardson Jones taken in 1883 by Baldwin & Drake in Chicago, Illinois
Cabinet photograph of Jones taken in 1883

In 1861, the Joneses helped found Olivet Baptist Church, which contained the first library open to black Chicagoans.[2] Jones, along with three other women, established an aid group called Workers for the King through the church in 1871.[2] During the Civil War in 1861, Jones recruited for the United States Colored Troops. Along with fellow activists like Sattira Douglas, she led the founding of the Chicago Colored Ladies Freeman's Aid Society, which allocated direct aid to former slaves as well as providing a forum for political action.[15]

Later life and continued activism

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Jones, described by historian Richard Junger as a woman of strong "convictions and abilities", continued to advocate for integration and civil rights after the war ended. In 1867, Theodore Tilton, a New York journalist, planned a visit to Crosby's Opera House in Chicago to give a lecture. Jones wrote to warn him that the audience was to be segregated. Upset by this disclosure, Tilton successfully pressed the Opera House to integrate its seating for his talk and presented tickets to Jones, reading the letter she had written to him to the audience.[4]

In 1871, John was elected as a Cook County Commissioner, the first African American to be elected to public office in Illinois.[16] The same year, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed both the Jones family's home and John's four-story tailoring business, together valued at $85,000 (equivalent to $2.2 million in 2023[12]). The family built a new house near Prairie Avenue, while John's tailoring business was also restarted at a new location; he continued to work until retiring in 1873.[4]

Cabinet B&W photograph of Jones sitting, with her granddaughter standing next to her
Jones with her granddaughter, Theodora Lee Purnell, in 1883

Widowhood

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Following John's death from Bright's disease on May 27, 1879,[2] Jones became independently wealthy.[5][17] Her husband's estate was valued at over $70,000 (equivalent to approximately $2.3 million in 2023[12]); he had been one of the city's richest men.[9][18] John's tailoring business was taken over by Lloyd Garrison Wheeler, a family friend.[4]

Moving to 29th Street, Jones's stately new home reflected her "economic status and social prominence" in the city, according to the historian Christopher Robert Reed;[19] he adds that she was considered the center of black society in Chicago until the 1890s.[10] Junger has written that Jones was considered the most prominent of the "old guard" African-American community that had arrived in the city before the Great Fire of 1871.[1][4] Historian Wanda A. Hendricks has described her as a wealthy "aristocratic matriarch, presiding over the [city's] black elite for two decades."[1]

Supporting younger activists

[edit]

Jones dedicated her fortune to philanthropy and activism.[4][8] She contributed significantly to Hull House and the Phillis Wheatley Club in Chicago.[20] Her financial support enabled the founding of the Wheatley Home for Girls, which supported newly arrived migrants from rural areas, in 1908.[2]

Jones was not quick to become a suffragist, arguing that prominent African-American women such as Edmonia Lewis had not pushed for suffrage, and saying that "her idea of woman suffrage" was that "a woman should do all she could do".[4][21] Once she decided to support the cause of women's voting, Jones hosted Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, and others at her home for meetings.[8]

Jones also supported younger black Chicagoans like Daniel Hale Williams. She provided Hale Williams with lodgings at her home and funded his medical education in exchange for help with household tasks.[1][2] When he established his own medical practice, Jones was one of his earliest patients.[2] Later, in 1891, when he founded Provident Hospital as a non-segregated institution, she made a substantial philanthropic contribution.[2][10]

Two simple oblong gravestones on grass - the left reads "Grandma Jonesie" and the right reads "John Jones", both in sans-serif font
Jones and her husband are buried side by side in Graceland Cemetery

Emphasizing moral and social improvement, Jones told a Chicago Tribune reporter writing an 1888 story on "Cultured Negro Ladies" that "we want more justice to women and more virtue among men".[1] Active in the women's club movement, Jones was the first chair of Ida B. Wells's new club in 1894, recruiting for the organization and lending it her prestige.[1][5] Along with Fannie Barrier Williams, Jones ran the women's section of the Prudence Crandall Literary Club, a prominent forum for black activism and feminism in Chicago.[1] She mentored a new generation of leaders among black women, including Barrier Williams, Wells, and Elizabeth Lindsay Davis.[2]

Jones died on December 26, 1909, according to Junger.[4][b] At her death, The Chicago Defender reported that, "loved and admired by everyone," Jones had "reached the ripe age of 89 years with the full possession of all her faculties."[4] She is buried alongside her husband at Chicago's Graceland Cemetery, under a tombstone which reads "Grandma Jonesie".[22]

Recognition

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In 2004, the City of Chicago designated the site of the John and Mary Jones House as a Chicago Landmark.[23] In addition, a Chicago park was named in Mary Jones' honor in 2005.[24]

Notes

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  1. ^ One source alternately gives her mother's name as Diaz.[2]
  2. ^ Another source gives her date of death as January 2, 1910.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hendricks, Wanda A. (2013). Fannie Barrier Williams: Crossing the Borders of Region and Race. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09587-0. OCLC 1067196558.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle, eds. (2003). "Jones, Mary Jane Richardson". Notable Black American Women. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 0-8103-4749-0. OCLC 24468213.
  3. ^ a b c "John Jones: Social Honors to Chicago's Favorite Colored Citizen: the Thirtieth Anniversary of His Residence in the City". The Chicago Tribune. March 12, 1875. p. 3. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Junger, Richard (2008). "'God and man helped those who helped themselves': John and Mary Jones and the Culture of African American Self-Sufficiency in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Chicago". Journal of Illinois History. 11 (2): 111–132. hdl:2027/inu.30000125384218. OCLC 40045726. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  5. ^ a b c d Women building Chicago, 1790–1990 : a biographical dictionary. Rima Lunin Schultz, Adele Hast, Paul Avrich Collection. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-253-33852-5. OCLC 44573291. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ a b Smith, Jessie Carney; Jackson, Millicent Lownes; Winn, Lynda T. (2006). Encyclopedia of African American business. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 424–426. ISBN 978-0-313-33109-1. OCLC 63660167.
  7. ^ a b Bontemps, Arna; Conroy, Jack (1945). "John Brown's Friend". They Seek A City. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Doran. p. 30. OCLC 1444797.
  8. ^ a b c d Harbour, Jennifer (September 14, 2020). "Mary Jane Richardson Jones, Emancipation and Women's Suffrage Activist". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Lusk, David W. (1887). Politics and Politicians of Illinois: Anecdotes and Incidents, a Succinct History of the State, 1809–1887. Springfield, Illinois: H.W. Rokker. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-0-530-24204-0. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Reed, Christopher Robert (2005). Black Chicago's first century. 1833–1900. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 978-0-826-22128-5. OCLC 969830027.
  11. ^ a b c "Early Chicago: Slavery in Illinois". WTTW Chicago. DuSable to Obama – Chicago's Black Metropolis. July 5, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Alexander, William H.; Newby-Alexander, Cassandra; Ford, Charles Howard (2009). "Henry O. Wagoner, Civil Rights, and Black Economic Opportunity in Frontier Chicago and Denver, 1846–1887". Voices from within the veil: African Americans and the experience of democracy. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publication. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-443-81176-7. OCLC 667003527.
  14. ^ Harbour, Jennifer R. (2020). Organizing freedom: Black emancipation activism in the Civil War midwest. Champaign: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-809-33770-5. OCLC 1112128335.
  15. ^ Forbes, Ella (1998). African American Women During the Civil War. Shrewsbury, Massachusetts: Garland Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-815-33115-5.
  16. ^ Naglich, Dennis. "The "Right Man in the Right Place": John Jones and the Early African American Struggle for Civil Rights". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  17. ^ Reed, Christopher R. (2001). "African American Life in Antebellum Chicago, 1833–1860". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 94 (4): 356–382. ISSN 1522-1067. JSTOR 40193583.
  18. ^ Hyman, Michael B. (February 1, 2015). "The man who ended Illinois' 'black laws': It's past due for the state to honor John Jones". Chicago Lawyer Magazine. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  19. ^ Reed, Christopher Robert (2014). Knock at the Door of Opportunity: Black Migration to Chicago, 1900–1919. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-809-33334-9. OCLC 881417214.
  20. ^ Guzman, Richard (2006). Guzman, Richard (ed.). Black writing from Chicago : in the world, not of it?. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-809-32703-4. OCLC 62324505.
  21. ^ "A Genial Gathering: Meeting of Ladies Who Would Like To Vote". The Chicago Tribune. August 20, 1873. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  22. ^ Kaba, Mariame; McDowell, Essence (2018). Lifting As They Climbed. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. p. 13. OCLC 1143390958.
  23. ^ "Chicago Landmarks - Landmark Details". Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  24. ^ "Jones (Mary Richardson) Park". Chicago Park District. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
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