French
DeutschMaryam Khatoon Molkara
Maryam Khatoon Molkara | |
|---|---|
مریم خاتون ملکآرا | |
| Born | 1950 Abkenar, Gilan province, Imperial State of Iran (now Iran) |
| Died | 25 March 2012 (age 62) Tehran, Iran |
| Other names | Maryam Hatoon Molkara, Maryam Khatoonpour Molkara |
| Known for | Transgender rights activism, and the first transgender person in Iran to legally undergo sex reassignment surgery |
Maryam Khatoonpour Molkara (Persian: مریم خاتون ملکآرا; 1950–2012) was an Iranian transgender rights activist, and she was widely recognized as a matriarch of the transgender community in Iran.[1] Designated male at birth, she was later instrumental in obtaining a letter which acted as a fatwa enabling sex reassignment surgery to exist as part of a legal framework.[1][2][3][4] Molkara became the first transgender person in Iran to legally undergo sex reassignment surgery with the permission of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[5]
Early life
[edit]Molkara was born in 1950, in the village Abkenar in Gilan province, Imperial State of Iran (now Iran). She was the only child of her father's second of eight wives.[4] Her father was a landowner.[4] Molkara says she always preferred clothes, toys, and activities that were traditionally for girls.[4]
Transition and advocacy
[edit]In her adolescence, Molkara went to parties dressed as a woman.[6] She came out as transgender to her mother, who refused to accept her.[4] This made Molkara decide to take feminizing hormones instead of immediately seeking out surgery. She also dressed and lived as a woman.[6] In 1975, Molkara traveled to London to think about various possibilities, and it was there, that she claimed she “learned about transsexuality and realized I was not a passive homosexual”.[6]
Molkara started to write letters to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, then in exile in Iraq, asking for religious advice about being assigned the wrong gender at birth. In one of these letters, she said that her gender had been clear since she was two years old, as she used to apply chalk to her face to imitate putting on makeup.[3] Khomeini had already written in 1963 that corrective surgeries for intersex people are not against Islamic law, and his answer was based on this existing idea rather than developing a new fatwa for transgender people. He suggested she live as a woman, which included dressing as one.[7]
After this, she met with Farah Pahlavi, who gave her support towards Molkara and other transgender individuals wanting sex reassignment surgery.[1] Gender changing surgeries had occurred in Iran as early as the 1930s, but were not commonplace and for people with congenital intersex.[8][9]
In 1978, she traveled to Paris, where Khomeini was then based, to try to make him aware about transgender rights.
After the Islamic Revolution, Molkara started to face intense backlash due to her identity. She underwent arrests, and death threats.[6] She was fired from her job at the Iranian National Radio and Television, forced to wear masculine clothing, injected with male hormones against her will, and detained in a psychiatric institution.[2][6][10] Because of good contacts with religious leaders, among them Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, she was released.[3]
At the start of the Iran–Iraq War, Molkara volunteered as a nurse on the front lines.[4] She said that some of the men she treated assumed she was a woman due to her gentleness.
Molkara continued to campaign for her right to get gender-affirming surgery. In 1985, she confronted Khomeini in his home in North Tehran. She wore a man's suit, carried the Quran, and she tied shoes around her neck.[3][7] This was a reference to the Ashura festival, and also indicated that she was looking for refuge. Molkara was held back and beaten by security guards until Khomeini's brother, Hassan Pasandide, intervened.[3][7] He took Molkara into his house, where she pleaded her case, yelling "I'm a woman, I'm a woman!"[3] His security guards were suspicious about her chest, as they thought she could be carrying explosives. She revealed they were her breasts, as she developed them using hormone therapy.[3] Having heard her story, Ahmad Khomeini was touched and took Molkara to speak to his father, where he asked three of his doctors about the surgery in an attempt to make a well-informed decision.[3][7] Khomeini then decided that sex reassignment surgery was needed to allow her to carry out her religious duties.[11] This resulted in Khomeini issuing a fatwa, where he determined sex reassignment surgery to not be against Islamic law.[7] Molkara lobbied for the according medical knowledge and procedures to be implemented in Iran, and worked on helping other transgender people have access to surgeries. She completed her gender-affirming surgery in Thailand in 1997,[2] due to "unhappiness with procedures in her native country''.[3] The Iranian government paid for her surgery, and she was able to help establish government funding for many other transgender individual's surgeries.[4]
In 2007, she founded and subsequently ran the Iranian Society to Support Individuals with Gender Identity Disorder (ISIGID, انجمن; Persian: حمایت از بیماران مبتلا به اختلالات هویت جنسی ایران), the first state-approved organization for transgender rights in Iran.[1][12] Before this, she used her own property in Karaj to help other transgender people receive legal advice and medical care, including post-operative care. She continued advocating for other transgender people and bailing them out of prison after they were arrested, even knowing she would likely face violence for doing so.[3]
Death
[edit]Molkara died in 2012, after suffering from a heart attack at the age of 62.[7]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Human Rights Report: Being Transgender in Iran" (PDF). Outright. Action International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ a b c Fathi, Nazila (August 2, 2004). "As Repression Lifts, More Iranians Change Their Sex". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tait, Robert (July 27, 2005). "A Fatwa for Freedom". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g McDowall, Angus (25 Nov 2004). "The Ayatollah and the transsexual; That Maryam Khatoon Molkara can live a normal life is due to a compassionate decision by one man: the leader of the Islamic revolution himself". The Independent.
- ^ "Influential Iranian Women: Maryam Khatoonpour Molkara (1950-2012)". IranWire. January 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2013). "Reading Transsexuality in "Gay" Tehran (Around 1979)". Transgender Studies Reader. 2 – via Harvard Library.
- ^ a b c d e f Alipour, M. (2017). "Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas". International Journal of Transgenderism. 18 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239. S2CID 152120329.
- ^ Saeidzadeh, Zara (November 2016). "Transsexuality in Contemporary Iran: Legal and Social Misrecognition". Feminist Legal Studies. 24 (3): 252. doi:10.1007/s10691-016-9332-x.
- ^ Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2008). "Transing and Transpassing across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran". Women's Studies Quarterly. 36 (3/4): 23–42. doi:10.1353/wsq.0.0117. JSTOR 27649782. S2CID 154350645.
Surgeries to alter congenital intersex conditions were reported in the Iranian press as early as 1930. Ittila'at, October 27, 1930.
- ^ Anonymous. "Pressure from above". The Economist. Vol. 431. ProQuest 2203597898 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Jafari, Farrah (Spring 2014). "Transsexuality under Surveillance in Iran". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 10 (2): 31–51. doi:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.10.2.31. S2CID 143960695 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Abedinifard, Mostafa (2019). "Transgendered Subjectivities in Contemporary Iran". Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History – via Gale eBooks.