Maungawhau / Mount Eden

Maungawhau[1]
Mount Eden
Looking into and over the crater.
Highest point
Elevation	196 m (643 ft)
Coordinates	36°52′37″S 174°45′50″E / 36.877°S 174.764°E / -36.877; 174.764
Geography
Location	Auckland, North Island, New Zealand
Parent range	Auckland volcanic field
Geology
Volcanic arc/belt	Auckland volcanic field

Maungawhau / Mount Eden is a scoria cone and Tūpuna Maunga (ancestral mountain) in the Mount Eden suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. The cone is part of the Auckland volcanic field, the tallest located on the isthmus.

The cone is a dormant volcano and its summit, at 196 metres (643 ft) above sea level, is the highest natural point on the Auckland isthmus. The majestic bowl-like crater is 50 metres (160 ft) deep. The volcano erupted from three craters 28,000 years ago, with the last eruptions from the southern crater filling the northern craters.^[2] The western face of the hill was extensively quarried. This is the site of a large ecological restoration project run by volunteers.^[3]

Maungawhau is a Māori-language name meaning 'mountain of the whau tree'. The name "Mount Eden" was chosen by Governor William Hobson, to honour George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland, who was his superior naval officer.^[4] The crater is named Te Upu Kai a Mataaho ('the bowl of Mataaho'); Mataaho was a deity said to live in the crater and to be the guardian of the secrets hidden in the earth.^[5][6]

The Auckland isthmus has been settled by Tāmaki Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries.^[7] Maungawhau was the principal pā settled by Huakaiwaka, the eponymous ancestor of Waiohua, and remained an important area for Waiohua from the 17th century to around the year 1740.^{[8][9][10][11]} Maungawhau was extensively terraced, and defensive ditches were created around four areas of the maunga.^[11] When Huakaiwaka's grandson Kiwi Tāmaki, he moved Waiohua's seat of power from Maungawhau to Maungakiekie.^[11] In the mid-18th century, Maungawhau became a part of the rohe of Ngāti Whātua.^[12]

In 1840, Ngāti Whātua gifted a tuku of 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) on the Auckland isthmus to European settlers, in order to establish the new capital of Auckland. Maungawhau / Mount Eden was the southern point of this area.^[13] As late as the 1850s, four distinct terraces could be seen on the cone, which were obscured by vegetation or by quarrying.^[11]

An underground water reservoir has been located on the northern side of Maungawhau / Mount Eden since the 1870s. The original reservoir was replaced in 1912, and a second, complementary, reservoir added in 1930. The reservoirs, recently upgraded to meet growing demand, work together to supply the Mount Eden, Epsom, One Tree Hill and Khyber Pass Road areas.^{[citation needed]} The trig station at the summit was used as a reference point for drawing up Auckland's suburbs. The platform was built with help from Prince Alfred's elephant. The elephant was rewarded with lollies, buns and beer.^[14]

In the early 20th Century, stone was quarried by Mount Eden Prison inmates from Maungawhau / Mount Eden for use in road projects.^[15]

From the 1950s the peak was used by the New Zealand Post Office for VHF radio communications in two buildings, several hundred metres apart, each with their own antenna farm. One building housed transmitting equipment, while the other housed receiving equipment. In the 1960s the site was staffed during the five-day working week due to the large number of valves that wore out under the stress of high power and needed frequent servicing. Typical use of the facility was for businesses e.g. taxi or delivery firms needing mobile communications to vehicles.

In 1973, the crater of Maungawhau / Mount Eden was the venue for ''Mt Eden Crater Performance, a performance piece by artist Bruce Barber, which involved a blind art master and drummers.^[16] During the mid-1980s, artist Philip Dadson organised annual winter solstice celebrations in the crater.^[16]

Maungawhau / Mount Eden attracts many tourists, as it is the highest natural point in Auckland, and provides good views in all directions over the city. Due to the spiritual and cultural significance of the maunga to Māori, and for pedestrian safety, the summit road was permanently closed to most vehicles in 2011, with the exception of people with limited mobility.^{[17][18][19][20]}

In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the Crown and the Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau collective of 13 Auckland iwi and hapū (also known as the Tāmaki Collective), ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, was vested to the collective, including the volcano officially named Maungawhau / Mount Eden. The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland". The Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA) is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA.^{[21][22][23][24][25][26]}

In 2019, the 1926 Spanish Mission-style tearoom was converted into Whau Cafe and the Te Ipu Kōrero o Maungawhau / Mount Eden Visitor Experience Centre. The centre showcases the geological and Māori cultural history of the maunga.^[27] In 2020, boardwalks were opened around the crater rim, to protect the pā tūāpapa (terraces) and rua kūmara (kūmara storage pits) on the summit's upper slopes. Views from the boardwalk into the deep crater and over Auckland city are spectacular.^[27]

• Volcanoes of Auckland: A Field Guide. Hayward, B.W.; Auckland University Press, 2019, 335 pp. ISBN 0-582-71784-1.

• Pronunciation
• Friends of Maungawhau website
• Photographs of Maungawhau held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.