Ebussuud Efendi

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Ebussuud Efendi al-Mu'allim al-Thani (The Second Teacher)[1]
An early copy of Ebussuud's Du'anama ("Book of Prayers"), signed Muhammad Amin al-Husayni al-Tirmidhi, created in Ottoman Turkey, dated 1599–1600
Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām
In office October 1545 – 23 August 1574
Monarchs	Suleiman I Selim II
Preceded by	Fenarîzade Muhyiddin Çelebi
Succeeded by	Çivizade Damadı Hamid Efendi
Kazasker of Rumelia
In office August 1537 – October 1545
Monarch	Suleiman I
Preceded by	Muhyiddin Efendi
Islamic Judge (Kadi) of Istanbul
In office November 1533 – August 1537
Monarch	Suleiman I
Personal details
Born	Mehmed Ebussuud El- İmadi bin Mutasavvıf Muhyiddin Mehmed (1490-12-30)30 December 1490 İskilip, Rûm Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Died	23 August 1574(1574-08-23) (aged 83) Ḳosṭanṭīnīye, Ottoman Empire
Spouse	Zeyneb Hanım
Parent	Mutasavvıf Muhyiddin Mehmed (father)

Ebussuud Efendi (Turkish: Mehmed Ebüssuûd Efendi, 30 December 1490 – 23 August 1574),^[2][3] was a Hanafi Maturidi^[4] Ottoman jurist and Quran exegete, served as the Qadi (judge) of Istanbul from 1533 to 1537, and the Shaykh al-Islām of the Ottoman Empire from 1545 to 1574. He was also called "El-İmâdî"^[2] because his family hailed from Imâd, a village near İskilip.^[2][5]

Ebussuud was the son of Iskilipli Sheikh Muhiddin Muhammad Efendi.^[2] In the 1530s, Ebussuud served as a judge in Bursa, Istanbul and Rumelia, where he brought local laws into conformity with Islamic divine law (sharia). Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent promoted him to Shaykh al-Islām – the supreme judge and highest official – in 1545, an office Ebussuud held until his death and which he brought to the peak of its power.^[6] He worked closely with the Sultan, issuing judicial opinions that legitimised Suleiman's killings of Yazidis and his successor Selim's attack on Cyprus.^[6] Ebussuud also issued legal rulings (fatwās) which labeled the Qizilbash, regardless of whether they lived on Iranian or Ottoman soil, as "heretics", and declared that killing them would be viewed as praiseworthy, rather than just being allowed according to the law.^[7]

Together with Suleiman, the "Lawgiver", Ebussuud reorganized Ottoman jurisprudence and brought it under tighter governmental control, creating a legal framework joining sharia and the Ottoman administrative code (qānūn). While the previously prevailing opinion held that judges were free to interpret sharia, the law that even the ruler was subject to, Ebussuud instituted a framework in which the judicial power was derived from the Sultan and which compelled judges to follow the Sultan's qānūn-nāmes, "law-letters", in their application of the law.^[6]

In addition to his judicial reforms, Ebussuud is also remembered for the great variety of fatwās he issued. His opinions allowing Karagöz plays and the consumption of coffee, a novelty at the time, are particularly celebrated.^[8] He is also known for a widely-contested fatwā permitting monetary dealings involving riba (interest) in certain situations. This opinion is often referenced by contemporary Muslim modernists.^[9]

• Matthee, Rudi (2014). "The Ottoman-Safavid War of 986-998/1578-90: Motives and Causes". In Karpat, Kemal; Balgamış, Deniz (eds.). International Journal of Turkish Studies. Vol. 20, Nos 1& 2.
• Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.). Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 192. ISBN 3-406-45957-9.

• Atçıl, Abdurrahman (2019). "II. Ottoman Religious Rulings Concerning The Safavids: Ebussuud Efendi's Fatwas". The Empires of the Near East and India. Columbia University Press. pp. 97–106.
• Repp, Richard C. (2009). "Abū l-Suʿūd". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.